哈工大考博英语真题01-02-04

及时雨考研考博网:6023185021GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.program(HarbinInstituteofTechnology)PartIReadingComprehension(40points)Passage1Questions1----5arebashedonthefollowingpassage.Theplanet’slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago,forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth’slandsurface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,thematchstick,orthebulldozer.AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday’sforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups.Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill“frontierforests,”definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas“frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.“There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,”saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare“ontheedge”;28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:Inthe及时雨考研考博网:6023185022lower48states,saysBryant,“only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.”Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.“Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,”saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.“It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,”saysBryant,“butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.”1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.B.Thehistoryofecology.C.Theforestmapinthepast.D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.2.Theword“unveiled”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.A.evaluatedB.decoratedC.designedD.madepublic3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?A.Theykeepclimatestable.B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.D.Theyareofvarioustypes.4.Thephrase“ontheedge”inParagraph5probablymeans________.AsurroundedbyfrontierforestBnearfrontierforestCabouttolosetheirfrontierforestDunderpressure5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cutBexploitmoreforestlandCfinddirectionseasilyDprotectformerforestsPassage2Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.及时雨考研考博网:6023185023Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.Recyclingof