根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料

1Chapter11.Whatisthescopeoflexicology?Howislexicologyrelatedtolexicographyandetymology?2.Whatarediachronicapproach历时性研究andsynchronicapproach共识性研究inlexicologicalstudy?lexicology,abranchoflinguistics,dealswiththenature,history,use,andmeaningofwordsandtherelationshipsbetweenelementsofwords.Lexicologymainlycoverstheorigin,development,structure,meaning,andapplicationofwords.Linguistsusuallydefineawordasthesmallestunitofalanguage1.Lexicologyincludesphonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology,whichcanberegardedasasubfieldoflexicology,mainlyfocusesonthestudyoftheoriginandhistoryofwords.Lexicography,anotherrelatedbranchtolexicology,ismainlyconcernedwithinclusionofwordsandthescienceofcompilingdictionaries.Lexicographyisabouttheapplicationoflexicology--thescienceofdictionaries.Translation;coalaboundsinthisprovince.Crystalwaterwellsoutofthespring.2.Twomajorapproachesareemployedinlexicologicalstudies;2diachronicapproachandsynchronicapproach.Theyarealsotwoprincipalapproachestothestudyoflanguage.alllanguagesexistinastateofconstantchangeanddevelopment.Inlanguagestudies,linguistsmayinvestigatethehistoryandstagesoflanguagechange(diachronic)inacourseoftime.Itishistoricallexicology.Atthesametime,theycanstudythelanguageuse,featuresandvariationwithinacertainstageofitsdevelopment(synchronic).Thenitisdescriptivelexicology.3.Chapter21,whatarethemajorforeigninfluencesuponthedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary?Arethereanyothersourcesofinfluencethatarenotdiscussedinthischapter?Couldyoufindsomeandaddwithexamples?2,whatfactorsdoyouthinkmightinfluencethedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage?Inyouropinion,whatwillbeEnglishlanguagebelikein50years?TheEnglishvocabularysprangfromthreemajorrootsources;Germanic,Latin,andGreek.Germanictribes;anglo-Saxons,formAD450to1150;oldEnglishperiod,theycontributedabout50.000verybasicwordsintoday’sEnglish.Latin;RomanOccupation,55BC-AD410.ThestatusofEngland3wasre-enhancedastheLatin-speakingmissionariesbroughtChristianitytoEngland.Greek;RomanconquerorsturnedtolearnGreek,andtheEnglishnoblesbegantolearnLatin.French;in1066,theNormanFrenchconqueredBritainandbroughttheFrenchstyleoflifetoEngland.Italy;theEuropeanRenaissance,whichoriginatedfromItalyinthelate14thcenturyandbeganinlargescaleinWesternEuropethroughoutthe15thcentury,signifiedanewepochofscientificrevolution,religiousreforms,artistictransformations,andliteraryrevival.asaresultofthisculturalmovement,quiteanumberofItalianwordsbecomeapermanentpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.Inthe17thcentury,BritishconqueredtheplacewecallUnitedState,mixedEnglishwiththeirlanguage.Inconclusion,Roman,Anglo-Saxon,Jute,Viking,Norman.Chapter31.Whatismorpheme?Whatarethemajortypesofmorphemes?Whatisallomorph词素变体?Amorpheme词素isthesmallestpartofawordthathasgrammaticalfunctionormeaning.Forexample,walks,walked,andwalkingcanbeanalyzedintothemorphemes(walk).Noneofthesemorphemescanbefurtherdividedintomeaningfulunits.4Morpheme;▪freemorpheme自由词素itdoesnothavetobeattachedtoanothermorpheme.▪boundmorpheme粘着词素theymustbeattachedtosomeotherunit(s).▪inflectionalmorpheme\屈折词素suchas-s,-ed,-ing，theadditionofinflectionalmorphemesmerelychangeswordform.Suchas▪derivationalmorpheme派生词素.re-,un-,-ness,-ful.Theadditionofderivationalmorphemescreatesnewwords.Suchaspossible→impossibleWhenamorphemehasvariantforms,thesevariantformsarecalledallomorphs.Allomorphsaredifferentrealizationsofthesamemorpheme.Suchastooth→teeth,sheep→sheep(differentpronunciation.)Chapter4TheformationofEnglishWords;▪derivation派生法;istheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedformexistingwordsorrootsbyaddingaffixes词缀(prefix,suffix).Suchas;self+less→selfless,self+less+ly→selflessly,un+self+ish→unselfish.5▪compounding复合法；isadirectprocessofwordformation.Acompoundwordisusuallyformedoftwoormoreindependentwordsthatcanbeusedaloneasindividualwords.Eg;database,weblog,webpage,customerservice,dataretrieval,mass-destruction▪conversion转类法；isaprocessinwhichthepartofspeechofawordchangeswhileitsformismaintained.Conversionisalsodefinedas”zeroderivation,”whichmeansthatawordcanplayanewrolewithoutderivinganythingormakinganychanges.Suchas;watern,v.bottle→tobottle,closet,fool,knife,name,pocket,ship,can,e-mail,heat,microwave,nurse,shape,tutor.n→v▪blending拼缀法；isawordformationprocessinwhichpartsofwordsareputtogethertogetanewword.Suchas;smoke+fog→smog,spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧,camcorder→camera+recorder,blog→web+log,brunch→breakfast+lunch,comcast→communication+broadcast,guestimate→guest+estimate,intercom→internal+communication,laundromat→laundry+automat,medicaid→medical+care+aid,medicare→medical+care,6newscast→news+broadcast,nightscape→night+landscape,paratroops→parachute+troops伞兵,▪backformation逆构法；isaprocessofcreatinganewwordoutofanexistingwordwhichismistakenlyassumedtobeinderivative;asupposedsuffixofalongerwordisremoved.Suchas;babysitfrombabysitting,nominate推荐fromnomination提名.▪clipping截短法；isanotherwordformationprocessfromwhichanewwordisformedbydroppingoneormoresyllablesfromapolysyllablewordandtheremainingwillmeanessentiallythesamethingastheoriginal