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Garcia1JohnGarciaProfessorHackerEnglish1017April1999TheMountainLion:OnceEndangered,NowaDangerOnApril23,1994,asBarbaraSchoenerwasjoggingintheSierrafoothillsofCalifornia,shewaspouncedonfrombehindbyamountainlion.Afteranapparentstrugglewithherattacker,Schoenerwaskilledbybitestoherneckandhead(Rychnovsky39).In1996,becauseofSchoener’sdeathandotherhighlypublicizedattacks,CaliforniapoliticianspresentedvoterswithProposition197,whichcontainedprovisionsrepealingmuchofa1990lawenactedtoprotectthelions.The1990lawoutlawedsporthuntingofmountainlionsandevenpreventedtheDepartmentofFishandGamefromthinningthelionpopulation.Proposition197wasrejectedbyalargemargin,probablybecausethedebateturnedintoastrugglebe-tweenhuntingandantihuntingfactions.WhenCaliforniapoliticiansrevisitthemountainlionquestion,theyshouldframetheissueinanewway.Afutureproposi-tionshouldretainthebanonsporthuntingbutallowtheDepartmentofFishandGametocontrolthepopula-tion.Wildlifemanagementwouldreducethenumberoflionattacksonhumansandinthelongrunwouldalsoprotectthelions.Theonce-endangeredmountainlionToearlyNativeAmericans,mountainlions--alsoknownascougars,pumas,andpanthers--wereobjectsofreverence.TheEuropeancolonists,however,didnotsharetheNativeAmericanview.TheyconductedwhatTedDouble-spacingusedthroughout.Titleiscentered.Summary:cita-tionwithau-thor’snameandpagenumberinparentheses.Thesisassertswriter’smainpoint.Headingshelpreadersfollowtheorganization.Garcia2Williamscallsan“all-outwaronthespecies”(29).ThelionswereeliminatedfromtheeasternUnitedStatesexceptforasmallpopulationthatremainsintheFloridaEverglades.ThelionslingeredonintheWest,butinsmallerandsmallernumbers.Atleast66,665lionswerekilledbetween1907and1978inCanadaandtheUnitedStates(Hansen58).Aslateas1969,thecountry’sleadingau-thorityonthebigcat,MauriceHornocker,estimatedtheUnitedStatespopulationasfewerthan6,500andprobablydropping(Williams30).ResurgenceofthemountainlionInwesternstatestoday,themountainlionisnolongerindangerofextinction.Infact,overthepastthirtyyears,thepopulationhasreboundeddramati-cally.InCalifornia,fishandgameofficialsestimatethatsince1972lionnumbershaveincreasedfrom2,400toatleast6,000(“Lion”A21).SimilarincreasesareoccurringoutsideofCali-fornia.Forinstance,fornearlyfiftyyearsmountainlionshadvirtuallydisappearedfromYellowstoneNa-tionalPark,buttodaylionsightingsareincreasinglycommon.In1992,Hornockerestimatedthatatleasteighteenadultswerelivinginthepark(59).IntheUnitedStatesasawhole,somebiologistsestimatethatthereareasmanyas50,000mountainlions,adramaticincreaseoverthe1969estimateof6,500(Williams30).ForthemillionsofAmericansinterestedinthepreser-vationofanimalspecies,thisisgoodnews,butunfor-tunatelytheincreasehasledtoanumberofviolentencountersbetweenhumanandlion.Statisticsdocu-mentedwithcitations.Shorttitlegiveninparenthesesbecausetheworkhasnoauthor.Acleartransi-tionpreparesreadersforthenextsection.Quotation:au-thornamedinsignalphrase;pagenumberinparentheses.Hornockerintro-ducedasanexpert.Garcia3IncreasingattacksonhumansThereisnodoubtthatmoreandmorehumansarebeingattacked.Aglanceatfigure1,agraphofstatis-ticscompiledbymountainlionresearcherPaulBeier,confirmsjusthowdramaticallytheattackshavein-creasedsincethebeginningofthecentury.RayRychnovskyreportsthatthirteenpeoplehavebeenkilledandanotherfifty-sevenhavebeenmauledbylionssince1890.“What’smoststartling,”writesRych-novsky,“isthatnearlythree-quartersoftheattacks[...]havetakenplaceinthelasttwenty-fiveyears”(41).Particularlyfrighteningaretheattacksonchil-dren.KevinHansenpointsoutthatchildrenhavebeen“morevulnerablethanadults,makingup64percentofthevictims”(69).Thisisnotsurprising,sincechil-2220181614121086421900–091910–191920–291930–391940–491950–591960–691970–791980–891990–941990–99U.S.andCanada(exceptCalifornia)CaliforniaonlyU.S.andCanadadeathsCaliforniadeathsProjectedFig.1.Cougarattacks--ahistory,byPaulBeier,NorthernArizonaUniversity;rpt.inRychnovsky(42).Thewriterex-plainswhatthegraphshows.Ellipsisdotsinbracketsindicatewordsomittedfromtheoriginalsource.Quotationintro-ducedwithasignalphrase.Thegraphdis-playsevidenceofincreasedattacks.Garcia4dren,beingsmallandactive,resemblethelion’snat-uralprey.LionauthorityJohnSeidenstickerreportsthatwhenheworkedfortheNationalZooinWashington,DC,heregularlyobservedcatsstalkingchildrenwhopassedbythelioncages(120).Since1986,fourchildrenhavebeenattackedinCalifornia(“Mountain”7).Oneoftheseattackswasse-riousenoughtopromptofficialstoplaceCaspersWildernessParkoff-limitstochildren(TranB8).InJuly1997alone,twoattacksonchildren,onefatal,occurredindifferentnationalparksinColorado(McPheeA1).InCalifornia,thestatewherethelionismostfullyprotected,1994wasaparticularlybadyear.LosAngelesTimeswriterTonyPerryreportsthattwowomenwerekilledbylionsin1994andthattheyearbroughtadramaticincreaseinmountainlionsightings,“manyinsuburbanandurbanareaswheretheanimalhadprevi-ouslynotbeenspotted”(B4).Withtwokillingsinoneyearandanincreasingnumberofsightings,itisnotsurprisingthatCaliforniapoliticiansrespondedwithProposition197,aimedatrepealingthebanonhuntingtheli