公共关系的一般程序

上海交通大学硕士学位论文上海居民用水定价方法探讨姓名：张嵘申请学位级别：硕士专业：西方经济学指导教师：张敬一20090114IVVABSTRACTVITHEDISSCUSSIONOFSHANGHAIRESIDENTS'WATERPRICINGMETHODSABSTRACTWaterresourcesarethekeyfactorforurbanandeconomicdevelopment,nowadayswaterresourcesarebecomingless,buttherearealsomanyresidentsseriouslywastingwater.Ascientificandreasonablepriceformationmechanismisthekeywaytosolvetheproblemwhichcanleadresidentsmakebestuseofwaterandfacilitatewatersaving.Itisimportantthat,however,thewaterpricehasanextremelycompleximpactonresidents’waterconsumption,whichnotonlyhasarelationshipwiththewatersaving,butalsoadirectimpactonpublicacceptability,socio-economicdevelopmentandenvironment.Inthispaper,withtheconsiderationofwaterpricingtheoryinlandandabroad,thewaterpricinganalysisisbasedonwaterconservationaswellasfairnessandefficiency.Thepaperalsoanalyzesaserieskindofwaterpricingmethods,especiallyfocusontheoutstandingadvantagesofladderpricingmethod.Withthequalitativeandquantitativemethods,theABSTRACTVIIpaperprovidesasolutionforshanghairesidents’waterpricinginordertoraisesomeideasofhandlingwithwatershortageandpricereform.Intheory,thispaperfirstusestheeconomictheorytoexplainthecharacteristicsoftheurbanwaterindustry,thenbasedonthetargetofpricing,itmakesasuggestionofwaterpricestructure.Withtheconsiderationofwaterpricingtheoryresearchinlandandabroad,avarietyofpricingmethodscharacteristicsarediscussedindetail,especialfocusesonthescientificandpracticalofladderpricingmethodthatithighlightsthepromotionofwatersaveaswellastheimprovementofefficiencyandsocialfairness.Inpractice,thispaperintroducesexamplesofresidents’waterpricemethodsinlandandabroad.Fromtheviewofwatersupplyanddemandcontradictions,itsuggestssomegoodexperiencefromtheinternationalpricingsystem,anditalsoconcludesthedevelopmentofourcountry'swatersystemindifferentstagesandproblemswhichneedstobesolved.Inevidence,thispaperanalyzestheShanghairesidents’waterpricingmethods.Fromtheactualsituation,basedonELEStheory,thepaperbuildsaladderwaterpricingmodel,whichshowstherelationshipbetweenwaterpriceandconsumption.DataSimulationisappliedfromthedemandview,whichtakesfullaccountofthewateruser'sabilityandcostrecoveryofsupplyenterprises.Attheend,thepapergetsconclusionineachladderpriceandABSTRACTVIIIvolume,ithopestoprovideeffectiveimplementationofShanghaiwaterpricereform.KEYWORDResidents’waterconsumption,Pricingmethods,Ladderprice,Equityandefficiency,Waterconservation11.1UNCSD20044128100622001101/4132060040011060[i]20[ii]229011.73200752920075132020GDP2000[iii][iv]1.21.2.13[v]1.2.21.31.3.1[vi]1980Stanley4[vii]Pennacchio[viii]20901[ix]Warrenx2[xi]Jaber[xii][xiii]3Warford[xiv]5[xv]()P=MPC+MUC+MEC11PMPCMUCMEC[xvi]42050[xvii][xviii]65Hopkinson[xix]1-1Figure1-1Waterpricepaidunderladdermethod1-1KmP1-1mPKP+=271.3.22070[xx]20801988xxi1991xxii1998xxiii1998xxiv2003[xxv]2005Ramsey[xxvi]2006[xxvii]199781.41.4.112341.4.291-2Figure1-2Frameworks102.11Beecher/112.515161[xxviii]Tufgar77111.2491.2471.364[xxix]xxx28140[xxxi]1231954[xxxii]20[xxxiii][xxxiv]13[xxxv][xxxvi]“”(congested)2.21142[xxxvii]153[xxxviii][xxxix]164[xl]5[xli][xlii]172.3[xliii][xliv][xlv]1[xlvi]2182-1[xlvii]2-1Figure2-1AllsegmentsinWaterprojectrotation3419[xlviii]2003720034232-22-2Figure2-2Elementscontaininthewaterpricestructure203.13.1.13-1213-1Figure3-1TraditionalMargincostpricingmethod3.1.2MRMC[xlix][l]3.1.33-23-2Figure3-2MarginalopportunitycostcurveinFullcostpricingmethod22MUCMEC3.1.4[li]3.1.5233.23.2.1[lii]11qp)(12qqp−)(qP≤−++−+≤−+≤=−−mmmmqqqqqpqqpqpqqqqpqpqqqpqP1112211211211111)()(1)()(ΛΜ113-3243-3Figure3-3Three-ladderwaterpricing3.2.21253-4Figure3-4Waterdemandelasticitycurveforpeoplewithdifferentincome3-4[liii]2263.2.33.2.3.113-53-5Figure3-5TheEffectsonconsumerwelfarecausedbywaterpricerising2723-6LPHPLHMOPPLHNRPP3-6Figure3-6Consumersgainsfromgovernmentsubsidies33-7MCACP1P2Q1P1=MC28Q2P2=MCQMIN3-7Figure3-7CosteffectinLadderwaterprice3.2.3.212923304314.113012323UKRPIP++=∆11P∆RPIKUKK599KSVQXPK±±+−∆−=0220P∆XQVS[liv]334-1Figure4-1ThemaximumpricedetermineinBritain21/511957()3423350.65070[lv]()()()()[lvi]4-14-136121325mm()3O40mm()5O75mm()145mm7(2003410)4-11Hills54-2374-25197519801985199019951996/83112941802205721302207160475234946278592317289334069333763---46.4118.5713.895.29-0.09200131[57]238[lviii]3[lix]430001[lx]239[lxi]3[lxii]4.24-3401412344.311194919644221965319851997[lxiii]220043619880.14/1.81/4-44-436431[lxiv]361.81/0.59/2.44-5251.220304-54419981998220054-6)3.65.94ROE10[lxv]4-6452200343[lxvi]4464.412347485.11778/80[67]25-1495-1Figure5-1Shanghaiwatermanagementagency35-2505-2Figure5-2Urbanwaterindustryprocess41.03/0.988/1.072/512005121190%2151800.90/0.10/0.06/0.021/20051215.211.84/250.540.38-0.80.668525-120080.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.05-219902004-0.501.001.502.002.50199019921994199619982000200220045-3199020076789101112131419901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200535-3Figure5-3Priceelasticitydiagram5-4199020070.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.70199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007199020075-4200020030.61540.5