critical-thinking阅读时的批判性思维

CriticalThinkingUnit2,BookIIText1CriticalThinkingPartI:(Paras.1–4)Whatiscriticalthinking?(definition)Para.1:It’sasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Para.2:Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought,thatassessesthought,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter.Para.2:(Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking)It’sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.Para.4:Inotherwords,criticalthinking,…,transformsthinkingintwodirections:moresystematicallyandmorecomprehensively.PartII:(Paras.5–6)Criticalthinkingisimportant.Para.5:It’simportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydetermined…byourthinking.Para.6:Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.PartIII:(Paras.7–10):ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone.Para.7:topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation.Paras.8--10:Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought.--Para.8:humanegocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness--Para.9:fear,humaninsecurity,humanhabits,bureaucracy--Para.10:Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle....mistakennotions,ignorance,ourlimitedknowledge,stubbornness,ouractivatedignorance,(finally)ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork...PartIV(Paras.11–15):Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking?Paras.11and12:Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork.Thinkofthe“ElementsofThought”...Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions?Paras.13–15:Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness.”Thelasttwoparas.:conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld.•Whatiscriticalthinking?•Whyisitimportantforus?•Whyisitsodifficult?•Howcanwecultivateit?Whatis“beingcritical”?•CriticcomesfromtheAncientGreek,meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis,andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation,whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis.•'Beingcritical'inacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcher'swayofthinking.1.Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning.a.askingquestion/expressingdoubts:nothingistakenforgranted.b.scrutinizingevidence:Wherethereisaclaimmade,clarifytheevidencethatsupports.c.drawingaconclusion:checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible-ornot!2.Acriticalresearcherisopen-minded,respectfulofothers(evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork),andconstructive.Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge,nottobuildone'sownreputationordamagesomeoneelse's.•So,howdoyouunderstand“beingcritical”inreading?Whatdowemeanby‘critical’inreading?•readbetweenlines•beinquisitive•judgecredibility•commentrationally•reflectononeselfforimprovement•readbetweenlines:thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy:notjustlookingforandreadingtheobvious•beinquisitive:(1)questioningandtestingwhatyouread,e.g.“dotheauthor’sviewpointsandideasappearjustified?Why-orwhynot?”(2)askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourself(3)exploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyouread•judgecredibility:(1)judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnot(2)spottingandchallengingpotentialbias,distortedviews,prejudice,andself-interest-intheworkofothers,andinyourownthinking(3)challengingideas-whereappropriate,andbasedoncredibleevidence•commentrationally:notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers,butlookingforconnections(ordisparities),andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpoints•reflectforimprovement:(1)lookingforgaps,andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions;(2)adaptingyourplan,yourgoal,yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsights•Whatisthe“criticalthinking”‘stairway’?•Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically?Discussion(I)Whenyouhaveaproblem,orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth.,orachieveacertaingoal,whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination?Discussion(II)SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat.Whentheymeetforthefirsttime,theymustwonder:Whoistheguyandwhatishelike?HowdidHolmesgettheanswers?HowdidWatsongettheanswers?Holmes’waytogettheanswer•–Question•–observation•–processinginformation(analyzingwhatisseenandrecognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible)•–assumption•–puttingtheassumptiontotest•–reconstructingbelief•–arrivingataccurateconclusionWatson’swaytogettheanswer•puzzled•waitingtobetoldtheanswerCriticalThinking“Stairway”1.Questions/problems/plan/goal,etc.2.observation:gatheringrelevantinformation3.processinginformation:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible4.assumption:Recognizingtheexistence(ornon-existence)oflogicalrelationshipsbetweeninformation;drawingwarrantedconclusionsandgeneralizations5.test:puttingtheassumptiontotest,verifyingifitisaccurate6.Reconstruction:reconstructingyourpatternsofbeliefsonthebasisofwiderexperienceifpreviousassumptionprovestobeinaccurate7.Conclusion/judgment:renderinganaccuratejudgment1.Criticalreading