仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE

APPROACHApproachProceduresSafelyFindingTheAirportPrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproachesprovideverticalguidanceinadditiontolateralguidance,mostoftenthroughtheuseofanelectronicglideslope.PrecisionApproachesinclude:•ILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)•GPS(LAAS)•MLS(MicrowaveLandingSystem)(5inUS)•PAR–PrecisionApproachRadarNon-PrecisionApproachesprovidelateralguidanceonly,descentisstagedatspecificdistancesalongtheapproach.Non-PrecisionApproachesinclude:Non-PrecisionApproaches•VOR•NDB•RNAV(GPS)•ASR–AirportSurveillanceRadar•Localizer(front&backcourses)•LDA/SDF/RNAVTheUnitedStatesStandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPS)istheapprovedcriteriaforformulatinginstrumentapproachprocedures.TheFAAHandbookisFAAOrder8260.3B.AirForce,Navy,ArmyandCoastGuardhavetheirownHandbookmanualnumber.ApproachSegmentsFourapproachsegments–Initial–Intermediate–Final–MissedApproachFivesegmentsifyoucounttheupfrontfeederroute.SegmentsofanApproachInitialApproachSegmentAlignsyouraircraftwiththeapproachcourse–DMEArc–ProcedureTurnorHoldingPattern–GuidedcourseInitialApproachFix–Alwayslabeled“IAF”onchartIntermediateApproachSegmentPositionsyouraircraftforfinaldescenttotheairport–Intermediatefix(IF)–Beginsatpointwhereyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix,properlyaligned.–Notallapproacheshaveanintermediatefix–NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixFinalApproachSegmentNavigatesyoufromFAF/FAPtoapoint(MDAorDH/DA)whereyoumaydescendtorunway,ifrequiredvisualreferencesareinsight.PrecisionGlideslopeprovidesverticalguidancebetweenpointofGSintercepttominimums(DH/DA).Nonprecision–Finalapproachfix(FAF)–Finalapproachpoint(FAP)PTintersectsfinalapproachcourseinbound.FinalsegmentofILSapproach(precision)TheGlideSlopeNotefinalsegmentofthisNDBApproach(non-precisionwithFAF)FinalSegmentofaVORApproach(non-precisionwithFAP)MissedApproachSegmentNavigatefromMAPtomissedapproachholdingpoint.Depictedoneveryapproach–Forradarapproaches,givenverbally.–ATCmaygiveyouinstructionsotherthanthepublishedmissedprocedure(bepreparedtocopy!).MissedApproachPoint–ForPA:atdecisionheight/altitude(DH/DA).–ForNPA:eitheratafixortiming.ExampleofamissedapproachPreparingForTheApproachInplanning,befamiliarwiththeavailableIAPs…atPrimaryANDAlternateAirports.Nearingdestination,acontrollerorATIStellsyoutheexpectedIAP.–It’snotyoursuntilyou’re“clearedfortheapproach.”NowthoroughlyreviewtheIAP.Setupradiosandnavaidsearlyon.ApproachClearanceIfyou’reclearedforaspecificapproach,andyoupreferanother,askthecontrollerforyourdesired.If“Clearedforapproach”only–Youcanchooseanypublishedapproach.ExecuteentireprocedurefromfeederrouteorIAFunless:–Radarvectoredtofinalapproachcourse.LISTENLISTENLISTENStraight-inApproachDoesnotrequire,norareyouauthorizedtodoaprocedureturnorcoursereversal….evenifpublished.Initiatedat:–fixcloselyalignedtofinalapproachcourse–completionofDMEarc–vectorstofinalapproachcourse‘NoPT’onchartmeansprocedureturnnotauthorizedonthissegment“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”ThismeansyouareclearedtoexecutetheapproachWITHOUTTHECOURSEREVERSALPROCEDURETURNDifferencebetweenstraight-inapproachandstraight-inlanding…Straight-inLANDINGFinalApproachCoursewithin30°oftherunway.Sometimesnotpossiblebecause:–VORnotcloselyalignedwithanyusablerunways.–Landingminimumstoohighfornormaldescenttoalanding.(e.g.:LHU)Straight-InLandingThisiswhatyoudoattheENDofanapproach.Landonrunwayspecifiedinapproachtitle.Asopposedtocircling….Mostapproachminimaarewrittenforstraight-inlandingsbasedontheapproach….VersusCirclingminimaforrunwaysNOTaligned.UseofATCRadarforApproachesASRPARMonitornon-radarapproachesGuidancetofinalapproachcourseRadarvectorsaregiventoplaceyouontheIAPortoestablishyouonthefinalapproachcoursepriortotheFAF.ClassBandCTerminalRadarServicesProvidevectoringandseparationbetweenIFRandVFRtrafficandVFRsequencingwithinterminalareasandhandlesthetransitionfromtheenroutesegmenttotheterminalenvironment.Monitoraircraftoninstrumentapproaches.Radarapproachesareavailablewherecivilinstrumentapproachminimumsarepublished.AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach•ASRisdesignedforhigh-resolution,short-rangecoverageingeneralvicinityofanairport.•Non-PrecisionapproachesareavailableatairportsthathaveanapprovedASRprocedure.•ASRprovidesradarvectorstotheFAF,thenazimuthinformationduringtheapproach.•Alongwithrangefromtherunway,thepilotisadvisedofMDA,whentobegindescent,andwhenattheMDA.•Ifrequested,recommendedaltitudeswillbefurnishedeachmilewhileonfinalapproach.•TherearenographicalASRapproachplates(NACO).AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)Approaches•ThePARisoneinwhichacontrollerprovideshighlyaccuratenavguidanceinbothazimuthandelevation.•Pilotsaregivenheadingtokeeptheaircraftalignedwiththerunway.•Pilotsaretoldtoanticipatedescentapproximately10-30secondsbeforeitbegins.•Pilotsarethentoldwhentobeginthedescent.•DHisgivenifthepilotrequestsit.•Deviationfromtheglidepathisgiventothepilot.•TherearenographicalPARapproachplates.PrecisionApproac