宋代五大名窑和青花瓷-英语

FivefamouskilnsinSongDynastyblueandwhiteporcelainGroup5LihaoChineseceramicsoftheSongDynastyconstitutetheforemostexpressionofceramicart.DuringtheSongperiod,aunityoftheessentialcomponentsfundamentaltotheart:vesselshape,pottingtechniques,glaze,decoration,firingprocesses,andaesthetictheorywereallcombinedinahighstandardofexcellence.whichledtoavarietyofclassicwares,usuallyassociatedwithaspecificregionofChina.Theseincludedthecourt-patronizedfivefamouskilns:Ru(汝),Guan(官),Ge(哥),Jun(钧),Ding(定)wares;DingkilnItspasteiswhite,generallycoveredwithanalmosttransparentglazethatdrippedandcollectedin“tears“(蜡泪痕).Duetothewaythedisheswerestackedinthekiln,theedgedremainedunglazed,andhadtoberimmedinmetalsuchasgoldorsilverwhenusedastableware.DingwarewasproducedinDingXian,HebeiProvince.whentheSongemperorscametopowerin940,DingwarewasthefinestporcelainproducedinnorthernChinaatthetime,andwasthefirsttoenterthepalaceforofficialimperialuse.RukilnRuwaresrangeincolor—fromnearlywhitetoadeeprobin'segg—andoftenarecoveredwithreddish-browncrackles.Thecracklesarecausedwhentheglazecoolsandcontractsfasterthanthebody,thushavingtostretchandultimatelytosplit.Songdynastywasthefirstperiodthatviewedcrazingasameritratherthanadefect.玛瑙为釉古相传,雨过天晴云破处RuwarewasproducedinRuzhouHenanprovinceforimperialuseandisthemostfamouswareinthefivekilns.名瓷之首，汝瓷为魁北宋汝窑天青釉葵花洗2012年香港拍卖会，北宋汝窑天青釉葵花洗拍卖2亿港元，刷新宋瓷世界拍卖纪录JunkilnCharacterizedbyathickerbodythanDingorRuware,Juniscoveredwithaturquoiseandpurpleglaze,sothickandviscouslookingthatitalmostseemstobemeltingoffitssubstantialgolden-brownbody.NotonlyareJunvesselsmorethicklypotted,theirshapeismuchmorerobustthanthefineJunpieces.世上朱砂非所拟，西方宝石致难同。——乾隆JunwarewasathirdstyleofporcelainusedattheNorthernSongcourtandwasproducedinYuzhouHenanprovinceGuankilnItwasduringthisperiodthatwallsbecomesothinandglazesothickthatthelattersupersededtheformerinbreadth.AstheclayinthefoothillsaroundLin'anwasabrownishcolorandtheglazesoviscus.Guanware,literallymeansofficialware;socertainRu,Jun,andevenDingcouldbeconsideredGuaninthebroadsenseofbeingproducedforthecourt.Strictlyspeaking,however,thetermonlyappliestothatproducedbyanofficialimperiallyrunkiln,whichdidnotstartuntiltheSouthernSongfledtheadvancingJinandsettledatLin'an.GekilnGewareliterallymeans'big-brother'ware,becauselegendhasitthatoftwobrothersworkinginLongquan,onemadethetypicalceladonstyleceramics,buttheeldermadeGeware,producedinhisprivatekiln.Gewarebasicallycomprisetwotypes—onewitha‘warmrice-yellowglazeandtwosetsofcrackles,amoreprominentsetofdarkercolorinterspersedwithafinersetofreddishlines(金丝铁线).TheotherGewareismuchlikeGuanware,withgrayishglazeandonesetofcrackles.青花瓷·传世的美丽blueandwhiteporcelainItisbelievedthatunderglazeblueandwhiteporcelainwasfirstmadeintheTangDynasty.blueandwhitewaresareglazedusingatransparentporcelainglaze.Thebluedecorationispaintedontothebodyoftheporcelainbeforeglazing,usingveryfinelygroundcobaltoxidemixedwithwater.珍珠白沁就烟雨孔雀蓝映著月光莹透的素颜朦胧了琴弦上一缕檀香blueandwhiteporcelainwiththeadventoftheMingDynastyin1368,blueandwhitewarewasshunnedforatimebytheCourt,especiallyundertheHongwuandYongleEmperors.BlueandwhiteporcelainhowevercamebacktoprominencewiththeXuandeEmperor,andagaindevelopedfromthattimeon.(青花首推宣德)BlueandwhiteporcelainstartedtobeflourishingintheYuandynastybecausethecourtliketheplainbluecolorandanplentyofcobaltmaterials.blueandwhiteporcelainBlueandwhiteporcelainhowevercamebacktoprominencewiththeXuandeEmperor,andagaindevelopedfromthattimeon.blueandwhiteporcelainwiththeadventoftheMingDynastyin1368,blueandwhitewarewasshunnedforatimebytheCourt,especiallyundertheHongwuandYongleEmperors.BlueandwhiteporcelainmadeatJingdezhenprobablyreachedtheheightofitstechnicalexcellenceduringthereignoftheKangxiemperoroftheQingDynastyblueandwhiteporcelain青花瓷·现代美青花瓷·瓷美人Thankyouforyourpatience