1.英汉语言名词上的比较与翻译

Syntacticalclassificationofasinglewordinalanguageiscalledthepartofspeechofthatword.Englishwordscanchangetheirpartofspeechbychangingtheirownforms,whichgivesEnglishword-buildinganadvantageinflexibilityanddiversity.Forexample,anEnglishnouncanbecomeaverbor/andanadjectivebyaddingaffixestoit,whileaverbcanbecomeanounor/andanadjectivebyaddingaffixesandsoon.InEnglishword-building,changeofwordsmostlytakesplacebythewayofchangingwords’forms.ChapterTwoMainDifferencesofPartofSpeechbetweenEnglishandChineseThischaracteristicgivesEnglishakindofgreatderivativeability.ManyEnglishwordsarederivedfromotherwordsbychangingtheirforms.OfEnglishvocabulary,verbs,nounsandadjectivesarethemostvariable.Englishshowsitsrichandcolorfullingualandlogicalrelationship.ComparingwithEnglish,Chineseisrelativelystable.FormsofChinesewordsareusuallyunchangeable,theabilityofexpressionandcombinationofChinesewordsismuchsuperiortoEnglish.SothelingualmeaningsofChineseareexpressedmainlybywords,wordorderandlogicalrelationsimpliedbydifferentpartsofasentenceoraparagraph.Generallyspeaking,anobviousdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishliesinthefollowingfact:themaincharacteristicofEnglishisstatic,whilethatofChineseisdynamic.Intheperspectiveofvocabulary,inEnglish,commonabstractnouns,patronymicnouns,patronymicadjectivesandadverbs,andprepositionsandsoonpresentdynamicmeanings.Anobviousfactismanifested:nounsareusedmoreofteninEnglish,whileverbsmoreofteninChinese.I.ComparisonandTranslationofNounsbetweenEnglishandChineseThetransformofnounandverbprovestheparticularityofEnglish.ComparedwithChinese,nounsareusedmoreofteninEnglish.Onlyoneverbisusuallyusedaspredicateinonesentence,whileafewverbscanbeusedinsuccessioninChinese.thereasonliesinthefactthatthereisnovariationofformsofwordsinChinese.Ifthemeaningofanactionisintendedtobeexpressed,theuseofaverbisusuallytheonlychoice.Forexample:1.“Youmayfreelyeatofeverytreeofthegarden;butofthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevilyoushallnoteat,forinthedayyoueatofityoushalldie.”“园中各样树上的果子，你可以随意吃，只是分别善恶树上的果子你不可以吃，因为你吃的日子必定死。”2.Scientificexploration,thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultsofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman.探索科学、追求知识，使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的实力。3.Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism,abolitionofexploitationofman,liberationoftheoppressedoftheworld.发言人一个接一个表示要打到帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫的人民。4.Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexploitationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。5.Parents’loveoftheirchildrenisperfectandminute.父母爱子女无微不至。6.I’mcertain,however,thatdreamscanbeanexpressionofanation’sunconscious,…我相信梦可以反映国民的浅意志，……7.Myfriendisbrilliantandbynatureadescriberofthingsfeltandseen.我的朋友才华横溢，天生擅长描述自己的感受和见闻。8.Tracingtheaboutthematerialworldbyscientistsacquisitionofknowledgeinmanycultureswillhelpustounderstandtheworldinwhichwelive．探索科学家们如何在不同文化领域逐步掌握有关物质世界的知识，会帮助我们了解我们生活的世界。9.他开车时心不在焉，差点引发交通事故。Hisabsenceofmindindrivingnearlyresultedinanaccident.10.在中国加入世贸之前，人们担心中国会做出很多让步。BeforeChina'sentryintoWTO,therewerefearsthatChinawouldhavetomaketoomuchconcession.1.NounizationandTranslationofEnglishInEnglish,manynounsaretransformedfromverbs,whichpossessdynamicconnotation,andthechangeoftheirformsisslight.Theyexpresstheconceptsthatverbsusuallyown,suchasaction,behavior,change,state,quality,feelingandsoon.Chineseisalogicallanguage,withoutsuchchangesofEnglishverbforms.Itusesmanyverbs.Besidesmanystructuresofverb+object,Chinesehasmorethantwoverb-in-chainandverb+object+object-complements,withobviousdynamicadvantage.Thus,whentranslatedfromEnglishtoChinese,Englishnouns,especiallyabstractones,areoftentransformedintoChineseverbs.Observeandcompare:1.SomeknowledgeaboutthestructureandhistoryofChinesecharactersishelpfulforyourstudyofthelanguage.2.她打电话来通知我她回来了。了解汉字的结构、发展史有助于大家学汉语。Shecalledtoinformmeofherreturn.教材不按时送到就会打乱我们的教学计划。3.Anydelayinthedeliveryofthetextbookswilldisturbourteachingplan.*TheEnglishstructure“at+the+noun+of”usuallyexpressdynamicconnotation,suchas:athesightof,atthementionof,atthethoughtof,attheideaofandsoon,whichisconnectedwiththefeelingsandmentalactivities.MarywasdelightedattheideaofgoingtoEngland.Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.一看到喷气式飞机的影子，一听到喷气式飞机的声音就令我心中产生特别渴望之情。Besidestheconceptofusingabstractnounsforactionorbehavior,commonnounsarealsousedinsteadofverbs.Manynouns(endingwith-eror-or)derivedfromverbs,usedwithadjectives,havedynamicconnotation.SuchnounsaretransformedintoChineseverbs.4.Youareaverygoodlearner,soyouaregoingtobeagoodteacher.3.Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.2.Don’tbelievehim.Youshouldknowheisagoodkidder.不要相信他，你应该知道他很会骗人的。1.I’vebeenanEnglishlearnerforsevenyears.我学英语已经7年了。随着生活水平的提高，人们现在很重视健康。你必须好好地照顾病人。Peoplenowpaygreatattentiontotheirhealthwiththeimprovementoftheirliving.Youmusttakegoodcareofthepatient.*InEnglish,thecommonusedstructure:“verb(take,have,have,pay…)+centralword+preposition”,usuallyexpressestheconnotationofaverb.Thefunctionoftheprepositioninthestructureistohelpthenounwithdynamicconnotationtotakeitsobject.Therearemanysuchphrasesasfollow：haveaglanceat,t