欧洲文化入门

1.WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon—andtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2)Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidn’t,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.1.WhatwastheHebrew’smajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.TheHebrews’majorcontributiontoworldcivizalationwanJudasam.2.WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?⑴itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity;⑵bothoriginatedinPalestine.1.WhathappenedinWesternEuropeafterthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire?AftertheRomanEmpirelostitspredominance,agreatmanyGermanicKingdomsbegantogrowintothenationsknowasEngland,France,Italy,andGermanyinitsplace.ThesenationsofWesternEuropewereinthesceneoffrequentwarsandinvasions.Thepoliticalunityhadgivenwaytowidespreaddestructionandconfusion.Hungeranddiseasekilledmanylivesandvillagefellintoruinandgreatareasoflandlaywaste.Therewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.ChristianitywasalmosttheallandtheoneofMedievallivesinwesternEuropeandtookleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsyears.2.Whatweretheculturalcharacteristicsoftheperiodfrom500to1000?Aboveall,theculturalcharactersofthisperiodweretheheritageandachievementofRomancultureandtheemergenceofHebrewandGothicculture.1.WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissance?Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalyaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.Andtospreadthenewideas,librariesandacademieswerefounded.Inthe15thcenturyprintingwasinventedandhelpedtospreadhumanistideas.2.Whatarethemainelementsofhumanism?HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance?HumanististheessenceofRenaissance.Humanistsinrenaissancebelievedthathumanbeingshadrightstopursuewealthandpleasureandtheyadmiresthebeautyofhumanbody.Thisbeliefrancountertothemedievalasceticalideaofpovertyandstoicism,andshiftedman’sinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodtothebeautyofhumaninallitsjoy,sensesandfeeling.ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissanceintheliteratureworksofBoccaccioandPetrarchandintheartofGiotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,andTitian,etc.Intheirworkstheydidnotstressdeathandotherworldbutcallonmantoliveandworkforthepresent.DIVISIONONE1.战争双方:1200B.CGreece(希腊)andTroy(特洛伊）The5thcentryB.CcolsedwithcivilwarbetweenAthens（雅典）andSpartainGreece（希腊）.146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece。2.人物：Homer(荷马）作品：theIliad(伊利亚特）Odyssey(奥德赛).人物：Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯)作品：Prometheus(被缚的普罗米修斯）Persians(波斯人)Agamemnon(阿伽门农)人物：Sophocles(索福克勒斯)作品:OedipustheKing(奥迪普死亡）Electra(埃勒科特拉）Antigone（安提戈涅)人物:Euripides(欧里辟得斯）作品：Andromache(安德洛玛刻）Medea（美狄亚）TrojanWomen（特洛伊妇女）人物：Aritophanes（阿里斯多芬尼斯)作品：Frogd(蛙）Clouds(云)Wasps(马蜂)Birds(鸟）人物：Plato（柏拉图）Plato’sDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.作品：theApology（辩解篇）Symposium(会饮篇)theRepublic(理想国篇)人物：Aritotle:(亚里士多德）：作品：Ethics（伦理学）Politics（政治学）Poetics（诗学)Rhetoric(修辞学）流派：Sophists（诡辩派）TheCynics（犬儒派）TheSceptics(怀疑派）TheEpicureans（伊壁鸠鲁派）TheStoics（斯多葛派）RomanHistory1.Theyear27B.CdividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods.2.Before27B.CRomehadbeenarepublic,andafteritRomewasaEmpire.3.ThetwoimportantcontributionsmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculture(1)ThePaxRomana(罗马和平)(2).Romanlaw.4.Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury,increasinglytroubledbythenortherntribessuchastheGoths(哥特人).5.Inthe4ththeemperorConstantine(军斯坦丁）movedthecapticalformRometoByzantium(拜占庭)andrenameditConstantinople(君士坦丁堡).6.After395theRomeempirewaspermanentlydividedintoEastandWest.7.In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbytheGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.8.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩溃）whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.人物：Lucretius(卢克来修）NatureofThings（物性论);人物:Virgil(维吉尔)theAeneid(埃涅阿斯纪)DIVISIONTWO1.TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2.TheoldTestamentisaboutGodandLawsofGod.3.TheNewTestamentsisthedoctrine(学说）ofJesusChrist.4