弗朗西斯--培根英文赏析

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)(弗朗西斯·培根)Birth:January22,1561(YorkHouse,London)Death:April9,1626(Highgate)FrancisBacon1.Thewisest,brightest,andmeanestofmankind.3.TheguidingspiritinColonizationSchemes(开拓殖民地策划)in1610.2.Themostpowerfulmindofmoderntimes.ComplimentCambridgetrinitycollege(1573)introduction•FrancisBacon（1561－1626）wasthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy（唯物主义哲学）。•HewasbornintothefamilyofSirNicholasBacon，keeperofthePrivySeal（御玺）toQueenElizabeth.TheboyearlywonthefavoroftheQueen.HewenttoCambridgeattwelveandaftergraduatingatsixteen，tookuplaw.Hesoonbecameoneofthemostsuccessfullawyersofthetime.Attwenty-threehebecameamemberoftheHouseofCommons（下议院）andhisjudgmentandeloquence（口才）madehimfamous.WhenJamesIcametoEngland，BaconobtainedoneimportantofficeafteranotheruntilhebecamelordChancellor（大法官）andwasmadeapeer（nobleman）in1618.Hewasanadmirablejudge，butinthecourseofrisinghehadmadeenemieswhochargedhimwithbribery（受贿）。Hewasconvicted（判罪）deprived（免去）ofhisoffice，finedandbanished（流放）fromLondonin1621.Fiveyearslater，hediedindisgrace（耻辱）。Career1587:BeelectedtoParliament1618：BecamelordHighChancellor1620：WonthetitlesofBaronVerulamandViscountStAlbans1621：Bechargedwithbriberyandbetrayal(出卖)ofjusticeThelistofworksLiteraryworks:Essays《论说文集》(1597-1625)--IncludesAdversity,Anger,Athiesm,Boldness,Cunning,Death,Discourse,DissimulationandSimulation,Empire,Envy,Goodness,GreatPlace,HonorandReputation,Love,Nobility,Revenge,SeemingWise,Superstition,Truth,UnityinReligion,VicissitudeofThings,andWisdomforaMan'sSelf.Thephilosophicalworks:AdvancementofLearning《学术的推进》(1605)NovumOrganum《新工具论》（1620）NewAtlantis《新大西岛》(1624-1626)MaximsoftheLawandReadingontheStatuteofUsesMajorWorks•TheHistoryoftheReignofKingHenrytheSeventh(《亨利七世本纪》)andTheHistoryoftheReignofKingHenrytheEighth(《亨利八世本纪》).•DeAugmentisScientiarum（《论学术的进展》）•TheNewAtlantis（《新西特兰提斯岛》）•Thefinal1625editionofhisEssayes（《论说随笔文集》）.Essay:ADefinition•Itisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.•thetermessaywasfirstappliedtotheformin1580byMontaigne,oneofthegreatestessayistsofalltime,tohispiecesonfriendship,love,death,andmorality.InEnglandthetermwasinaugurated（开始）in1597byFrancisBacon,whowroteshrewd（机灵的）meditations（沉思录）oncivilandmoralwisdom.Bacon’sEssays•HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.•Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.•Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealment（隐藏）ofhisownopinionsunderthecloak（掩饰）oftheopposingalternatives.FeaturesofBacon’sessays1.Thelanguageisveryneat,prettyandweighty.2.Thesentencesareveryshort.Baconalsolikestousemoreco-ordinateconjunctionsthanthesubordinatedones,suchas“as,since,because”.3.Parallelism（并行论）,epigrams(警句),metaphor（隐喻）andsimile4.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity（简洁）,compactness（紧密）andpowerfulness.MottosbyBacon•1.Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance.•美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的，世上有许多美人，她们有过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。•2.Itisimpossibletoloveandbewise.•要恋爱而又要理智是不可能的。MottosbyBacon•3.Thereisnomanthatimparthisjoystohisfriends,butthathejoysthemore;andnomanthatimparthisgriefstohisfriends,buthegriefstheless.•与友分享欢乐者,无不欢乐倍增;与友分担哀伤者,无不哀伤减半•4.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtitle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.•读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格MottosbyBacon•5.Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companion’sformiddleage,andoldmen’snurses.•妻子是年轻时的情人，中年时的伴侣，老年时的陪护。•6.Livetolearn,notlearntolive.•活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着。3.Alwayswritingdownthesimplythingthatinterestedhimself.Styleofwriting:1.Mainlypreaching（告诫）areorientation（重定方向）tolearning,providinganewdirection,organizationandmethodforthebusinessofacquiringknowledgeabouttheworld.2.Tendingtoexpressanabstractideainthecommonest,objectsofthesightandexperience.1.FrancisBaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,scientist,statesman,lawyer,juristandauthor.2.Throughhisworks,hehadgreateffectsinpolitics,especiallyinthefieldofphilosophyandscientificrevolution.3.Alsohavingeffectsonavarietyofreligiousandspiritualauthors.Influence:Bacon’sImportancetoLiterature•1st,hewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.•2nd,hewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,AdvancementofLearning.•3rd,heandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.•4th,heintroducedtheessayasaliteraryintotheEnglishlanguage.