Figures-of-Speech-文学原理教程课件

FiguresofSpeechFigureofSpeech修辞----Awayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother.Ⅰ.Simile&Metaphor1.Simile明喻----Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallydissimilarobjectsareexactlycomparedwithoneanotherbytheuseof“like”or“as”.􀀗•Thetwothingscomparedmustbeessentiallydissimilar.•Thebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.StructureofaSimile•ASimileincludingSubject/Tenor本体Reference/Vehicle喻体Indicatorofresemblance/Similemarker比喻词•本体指被比喻的对象;•喻体指用来做比喻的对象;•比喻词在本体和喻体之间起连接作用.Indicatorofresemblance/Similemarker----like/as/as…as/asif/asthough/(just)as…to/resemble/similarto/seemthan/than/tobeararesemblancetoExamples•Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephant’sskin.•Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustle（轻轻的摩擦声）ofdeadleaves.•Theriverispeaceful,likeanewbabysleeping.•Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.•Foodistothebodyasfuelistotheengine.•Liferesemblesbutaday'sjourney.•Hehasnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.•O,mylove`slikeared,redrose,•That`smewlysprunginJune;•O,mylove`slikethemelody•That`ssweetlyplayedintune.----RobertBurns•Iwonderedlonelyasacloud•Thatfloatsonhighovervalesandhills…----WilliamWordsworth•ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?•Thouaremorelovelyandmoretemperate----WilliamShakespeare•汉语的明喻是用“像”、“似”、“如”、“好像……似的”等词来连接被比喻和用作比喻的事物例：骄阳似火江作青罗带，山如碧玉簪；春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。—朱自清2.Metaphor隐喻----Afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof“like”or“as”.•AMetaphorcomparesonethingtoanotherbysayingthatonething“is”anotherthing.•Metaphorsarestrongerthansimiles,buttheyaremoredifficulttosee.Eg:Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.Snowclothestheground.Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.Thesocietywashiscollege.Abookthatisshutisbutablock.Moneyisthelensinacamera.Ahousedividedagainstitselfcan’tstand.•Alltheworld’sastage,•andwearemerelyplayers.----WilliamShakespeareSimileMetaphorExplicitComparisonImplicitComparisonJuxtaposestwothingsFusestwothings•Joefoughtlikealion.•Joewasalioninthebattle.•Learningmaybelikenedtoclimbingupamountain.•Learningisclimbingupamountain.•Thenewsisasadaggertohisheart.•Thenewsisadaggertohisheart.•Thegossipwaslikeanetthatstrangledher.•Shewasstrangledinthenetofgossip.Ⅱ.Personification&Apostrophe1.Personification拟人----Afigureofspeechinwhichanideaorthingisgivenhumanattributesorfeelingsorisspokenofasifitwerealive.Eg:Thelettucewaslonelywithouttomatoesandcucumbersforcompany.•TheNight-windssigh,thebreakersroar,/Andshrieksthewildsea-mew.•Thehousecreakedwitholdage.•Myheart’sintheHighlandsa-chasingthedeer.•Onlymysoulkeptwatchfromdaytoday,/Mythirstysoulkeptwatchforoneaway.•Timewilltell.•MoneytalkedassweetlyinAthensasithadinChicagointheolddays.TypesofPersonification①Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives:Eg:theblushingrose;thethirstyground②Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns:Eg:thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleaves③Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs:Eg:thekettlesings;thewavesdanced2.Apostrophe呼告----Afigureofspeechinwhichsomeoneabsentordeadorsth.nonhumanisaddressedasifitwerealiveandpresentandcouldreply.•Apostrophesaregenerallycapitalized.•Apostropheisoftenusedtoconveyextremeemotion.•呼告则把物当作人直接与之对话，形成情感的激流与形象交融，引起强烈共鸣。Eg:Death,benotproud.----JohnDonne•Milton,thoushouldbelivingatthistime.----WilliamWordsworth•Ah,Sorrow,youconsumeus.•Where,Odeath,thysting?where,Odeath,thyvictory?“•Oeloquent,just,andmightyDeath!•Science!TruedaughterofOldTimethouart!----EdgarAllanPoe•OCaptain!MyCaptain!----WaltWhitman•Oh,bravenewworldthathassuchpeoplein't!----Shakespeare•OcunningLove!----Shakespeare•Opolicypaper,whyareyousohorrible?----TamaraTaylor•Productivity,whydoyoueludemeso?----JessicaEllisⅢ.Metonymy&Synecdoche1.Metonymy借喻/代,换/转喻----Afigureofspeechinwhichthenameofsomeobjectorideaissubstitutedforanothernametowhichithassomerelation.A.用一个事物来象征人或另一事物：•Todefythecrown反抗君主•Tobepromotedtothebench升为法官•Fromthecradletothegrave从生到死•Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.•Grayhairsshouldberespected.B.用工具或器官来代替本体：•Thepenhasmoreinfluencethansword.•Hehasaneyeforbeauty.•Giveeverymanthineear,butfewthyvoice.C.用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西：•TheyserveChinesedishes.（中餐）•Thebabywasbroughtuponthebottle.（牛奶或羊奶）•Theychattedoverabottle.（边喝酒边聊天）•Thewholevillagecameouttowelcomethesingers.（全村的人）D.用制造者名字代替制成品：•DoyoulikeSchubert(舒伯特)?•I’veneverreadHomer.E.用地方代替事物：•WhiteHouse美国总统•Kremlin俄罗斯政府2.Synecdoche提喻法----Afigureofspeechinwhichapartofanobjectisusedtorepresentthewholeobjectoridea.A.用局部代替整体：•Manyhandsmakelightwork.(用hand表示干活的人)•Thecasewasdefendedbyeloquentlips.(用lips表示有辩才的人)•Theycametoliveunderthesameroof.(用roof表示整个房子)B.用整体代替局部：•It(thevolleyballmatch)wasaclosecontest.Intheend,Chinawon.(用China代表中国队)C.用个体代替整个一类：•SheisanotherMadamCurie.D.用具体代替抽象：•Thefatheryearnsinthetrueprince’sbreast.E.用抽象代替具体：•Theauthorities（当局）F.用材料代替事物：•Apiggy-bankfullofcoppersⅣ.Hyperbole/Overstatement&Understatement1.Hyperbole/Overstatement夸张法----Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtogiveemphasis.•Hyperbolemaybeusedtoevokestrongfeelingsortocreateastrongimpression,butisnotmeanttobetakenliterally.•Overstatementmaybeusedwithavarietyofeffects.Itmaybehumoro