过去分词用法

现在分词形式过去分词形式一般式doingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词:表示动作是主动的和正在进行过去分词:表示动作是被动的和完成分词在句中可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词的时态:•-ing/-ed+主句（不强调动作先后）;•Havingdone•Havingbeendonee.g.•1.UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,thebikeisveryuseful.•2.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.Moreexercises+主句（强调时间先后）•1)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_______(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon．•2)__________(be)theremorethanonce,theoldprofessorofferedtoshowusaroundthenewly-builtlibrary.•3)_______________(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag．•4)____________(notknow)histelephonenumber,shelosttouchwithhim.informedHavingbeenHavingbeeninvitedNotknowing•分词的逻辑主语:•分词的逻辑主语一般为___________,但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，e.g.•Ifweatherpermits,wewillhaveafieldtrip.•Weatherpermitting,we‘llhaveafieldtriptomorrow．•这被称为_____________。•时间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔.•Timepermitting,wewillvisitmyuncleonmywaytoHangzhou.主句的主语分词的独立结构•*但有些分词作状语属习惯用法，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致。•如：Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain．•Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.•类似的还有:•Speakingof•Talkingof•…I.Pastparticipleusedasattributes（定语）1.位置:单个分词位于名词前，短语则在名词后,被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语。Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.Thespeakeransweredallthequestionsraisedbytheaudience.(1)只表完成Inautumn,_________________canbeseeneverywhere.落叶Mygrandpais_________________________.一名退休的工人Americabelongsto______________________________.发达国家Thepolicearelookingfor_________________.一个迷路的孩子2)只表被动ThepeopleseatedinfrontofthemeetingroomareVIPS3)表被动完成Measuresshouldbetakentoclean______________________.被污染的河流Thereis_________________________ontheground.一个摔破的花瓶fallenleavesaretiredworkerdevelopedcountriesalostboythepollutedriversabrokenflowervase2.作用---相当于一个定语从句（2）Thebook,writtenin1957,tellsthestruggleoftheminers.=Isthereanythingthathasbeenplannedfortonight?（1）Isthereanythingplannedfortonight？=Thebook,whichwaswrittenin1957,tellsthestruggleoftheminers.注：Theproblem（discussedyesterday）hassomethingtodowithdailylife.（表示完成）Theproblem（beingdiscussednow）hasnothingtodowithdailylife.（表示正在进行）区别：todo/doing/done作后置定语•Thebuilding________________________lastyearisourclassroombuilding.去年被建的•Thebuilding_______________________nowisourclassroombuilding.现在正在被建的•Thebuilding_______________________nextmonthisourclassroombuilding.下个月要建的builtbeingbuilttobebuiltII.Pastparticiplesusedaspredictive（表语）1.过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Thewindowisbroken.Theinnergatewaslocked.Shewasgreatlyexcited.2.与现在分词作表语的区别。现在分词：主语的特征或性质，“令人…”，有主动意思。e.g.Howdisappointingtheelectionis!过去分词：主语的感受，“感到…”，有被动意思。e.g.Theyfeeldisappointedattheelection.常见的这类此有：interesting—interestedencouraging—encourageddelighting—delighteddisappointing—disappointedpleasing—pleasedpuzzling—puzzledsatisfying—satisfiedsurprising—surprisedworrying--worried•Usedasthepredicative(表语)1.be,get,feel,remain,seem,look,become,..+V-PPWhenIgottotheclassroom,thedoorwasbroken.Whenweheardofthenews,weweresurprised.2.get+过去分词常表示某人或某物的客观遭遇，往往表示一种突然的或未曾料到的偶发事件或事故。Hercargotstolenattheweekend.Hegotkilledwhenhewascrossingtheroad.Hegottrappedinthefire.Hegothurtinthelegwhenhefelldownfromthetree.III.PastparticipleusedastheObjectComplement(宾语补足语)1.表“希望，要求”的动词：want,wish,expect,wish,like,order+(tobe)done表示“希望/要求某人或某事被…”e.g.Iwantthework(tobe)finishedbySunday.Jimorderedtheroom(tobe)cleaned.2.表“感觉，心理状态”的动词：see,hear,find,feel,think,watch,notice+object(宾语)+p.p.e.g.Wesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.Peoplefoundthewaterpolluted.HaveyouheardapopsongsunginJapanese?过去分词,不定式,现在分词作宾补的区别:三者与宾语逻辑上都是主谓关系，但过去分词强调他们之间的被动关系，不带to的不定式强调动作发生的全过程，现在分词强调他们之间的主动关系，正在进行。Isawhercomeintotheclassroom.Isawhercomingintotheclassroom.Isawhertakenoutoftheclassroom.3.使役动词:make,get,have,keep,leave,etc.e.g.Wemustgetthetableclothwashed.=Wemustasksomebodytowashthetablecloth.Hehadhiswatchrepaired.4.在“with/without＋宾语＋宾补(过去分词)”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。e.g.Doyouknowthemanwithhishairtiedback?IV.PastparticipleusedastheAdverbial(状语)过去分词作状语相当于状语从句。e.g.1.Askedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.过去分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句(Whenhewas)askedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.e.g.2.Givenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.过去分词作条件状语相当于条件状语从句(IfIam)givenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.e.g.3.Bornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.过去分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句(Becausehewas)bornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.e.g.4.Defeatedmanytimes,theycontinuetofight.过去分词作让步状语相当于让步状语从句(Althoughtheyhadbeen)defeatedmanytimes,theycontinuedtofight.e.g.5.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followedbyagroupofstudents.表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。Theteacherenteredtheclassroom(andhewasfollowed)byagroupofstudent.注意：（1）过去分词作状语时,为了使意义更加明确,也可以在pp.前加上对应的连词when,as,if等等.4.Althoughdefeatedmanytimes,theycontinuetofight.3.As/Becausebornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.2.Ifgivenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.1.Whenaskedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.注意：带有连词的过去分词结构相当于一个省略句,省略的部分为主语+be的相应变化形式.注意with+宾语+过去分词Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback..方式Withwaterheated,wecanseethesteam.条件Withproblemssolved,weallwenthome.原因Shestoodinfrontofhim,withhereyesfi