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毕业设计(论文)关于电动机常见故障分析及维护论文作者:指导教师:专业:系(院):答辩日期:2014年5月22日目录摘要·······························································································3第1章引言·························································································4第2章直流电动机的原理、结构与拆装····················································52.1直流电动机的工作原理·······························································52.2直流电动机的结构·····································································62.3直流电动机的拆装······································································7第3章使用说明及维护··········································································83.1直流电动机启动前的检查·····························································83.2直流电动机的启动······································································93.3直流电动机的维护······································································93.3.1换向器的维护和保养··································································93.3.2电刷中性线位置的确定及电刷的研磨·············································9第4章直流电动机的常见故障及检修·····················································104.1直流电动机的常见故障及排除·····················································104.2直流电动机绕组故障的检修························································124.2.1电枢绕组接地故障····································································124.2.2电枢绕组短路故障····································································124.2.3电枢绕组断路故障····································································134.3换向器故障的检修····································································144.3.1片间短路故障··········································································144.3.2换向器接地故障·······································································154.3.3云母片凸出·············································································15小结·····························································································16参考文献·····························································································17致谢·····························································································18摘要由于这种电动机的发展及广泛的应用,它的使用、保养和维护工作也越来越重要,推广中国的高效率电动机是非常有必要的。但是在日常使用过程中如何去维护好,其影响可见一斑。本文着重从直流电动机的故障分析及维护进行了初略的探讨和分析,希望能给正在或即将从事电动机工作的人士一些帮助。关键词:直流电动机;故障分析;维护保养;优化方案;工作性能第一章.引言电动机在人们的工农业生产中发挥着巨大的作用,给人们的生活带来了极大的便利。直流电动机虽然结构较复杂,使用与维护较麻烦,价格较贵,但是由于其具有调速性能好,起动转矩大等优点,本文分析了电动机的结构、工作原理以及在工作中的常见故障,并给出了一些日常维护的方法。第二章.直流电动机的原理、结构与拆装2.1直流电动机的工作原理当把直流电动机的电刷A、B接到直流电源上时,从图2.1可以看出,电刷A是正电位,B是负电位,在N极范围内的导体ab中的电流是从a流向b,在S极范围内的导体cd中的电流是从c流向d。载流导体在磁场中要受到电磁力的作用,因此,ab和cd两导体都要受到电磁力Fde的作用。根据磁场方向和导体中的电流方向,利用电动机左手定则判断,ab边受力的方向是向左,而cd边则是向右。由于磁场是均匀的,导体中流过的又是相同的电流,所以,ab边和cd边所受电磁力的大小相等。这样,线圈上就受到了电磁力的作用而按逆时针方向转动了。当线圈转到磁极的中性面上时,线圈中的电流等于零,电磁力等于零,但是由于惯性的作用,线圈继续转动。线圈转过半州之后,虽然ab与cd的位置调换了,ab边转到S极范围内,cd边转到N极范围内,但是,由于换向片和电刷的作用,转到N极下的cd边中电流方向也变了,是从d流向c,在S极下的ab边中的电流则是从b流向a。因此,电磁力Fdc的方向仍然不变,线圈仍然受力按逆时针方向转动。可见,分别处在N、S极范围内的导体中的电流方向总是不变的,因此,线圈两个边的受力方向也不变,这样,线圈就可以按照受力方向不停的旋转了,通过齿轮或皮带等机构的传动,便可以带动其它工作机械。图2.1直流电动机线圈从以上的分析可以看到,要使线圈按照一定的方向旋转,关键问题是当导体从一个磁极范围内转到另一个异性磁极范围内时(也就是导体经过中性面后),导体中电流的方向也要同时改变。换向器和电刷就是完成这个任务的装置。在直流发电机中,换向器和电刷的任务是把线圈中的交流电变为直流电向外输出;而在直流电动机中,则用换向器和电刷把输入的直流电变为线圈中的交流电。可见,换向器和电刷是直流电机中不可缺少的关键性部件。当然,在实际的直流电动机中,也不只有一个线圈,而是有许多个线圈牢固地嵌在转子铁芯槽中,当导体中通过电流、在磁场中因受力而转动,就带动整个转子旋转。这就是直流电动机的基本工作原理。2.2直流电动机的结构直流电动机虽然结构较复杂,使用与维护较麻烦,价格较贵,但是由于其具有调速性能好,起动转矩大等优点,因而也获得了较广泛的应用。目前使用的直流电动机主要有Z2和Z4两种系列,其外形如图2.2所示。图2.2直流电动机的结构Z4系列是20世纪80年代开始研制生产的产品,Z2与Z4的内部结构基本上是相同的,即由定子和转子两大部分组成。定子是指电动机中静止不动的部分,包括机座、圭磁极、换向极、前端盖、后端盖、电刷装置等部分。转子是指电动机中旋转的部分。主要由电枢铁心、电枢绕组、换向器、转轴、风扇等部分组成。图2.3所示为直流电动机各主要部件图。图2.3直流电动机组成l一前端盖2一风扇3一机座4一后端盖5一电刷装置6一转子直流电动机根据励磁绕组接线方式的不同,可分为他励电动机、串励电动机、并励电动机和复励电动机等多种。在使用及检修直流电动机时,必须分清各绕组线端的标记,以便于相互连接和与外电路连接,表2.1给出了直流电动机各绕组线端曾经用过的和现在使用的标记代号。表2.1直流电动机各绕组标记代号绕组名称1965年1965~1980年1980以后始端未端始端末端始端末端电枢绕组S1S2S1S2A1A2换向绕组H1H2H1H2B1B2串励绕组C1C2C1C2D1D2并励绕组F1F2B1B2E1E2他励绕组w1W2T1T2F1F2补偿绕组B1B2BC1BC2C1C22.3直流电动机的拆装以常用的Z系列直流电动机为例进行介绍。在拆卸前首先应在前端盖与机座、后端盖与机座的连接处做好标记,还应在刷架处做好标记,以便于将来的装配。其拆卸顺序为:①拆除直流电动机接线盒内的连接线。②拆下换向器端盖(后端盖)上通风窗螺栓,打开通风窗,从刷握中取出电刷,拆除刷杆上的连接线。③拆下换向器端盖的螺栓、轴承盖螺栓,并取下轴承外盖。④拆卸换向器端盖。⑤拆下轴伸出端端盖(前端盖)上的螺栓,把电枢连同端盖从定子中小心地抽出来,注意不要碰伤电枢绕组、换向器及磁极绕组。⑥用纸将换向器包好,并用纱带扎紧。⑦拆下前端盖上的轴承盖螺栓,并取下轴承外盖。⑧将电枢连同前端盖一起放置在木架上或木板上,并用纸或布包好。电动机保养或修复后的装配顺序与拆卸顺序相反,并按所做标记矫正电刷的位置。第三章.使用说明及维护3.1直流电动机启动前的检查①用压缩空气或手动吹风机吹净电动机内部灰尘、电刷粉末等,清除污垢杂物。②拆除与电动机连接的一切接线,用绝缘电阻表测量绕组对机座的绝缘电阻。若小于0.5MΩ时,应进行烘干处理,测量合格后再将拆除的接线恢复。③检查换向器的表面是否光洁,如发现有机械损伤或火花灼痕应进行必要的处理。在额定负载工况下,一般直流电动机只允许有不超过11/2级的火花。电刷下火花的等级,见表3.1表3.1电刷下火花等级④检查电刷是否严重损坏,刷架的压力是否适当,刷架的位置是否位于标记的位置。⑤根据电动机铭牌检查直流电动机各绕组之间的接线方式是否正确,电动机额定电压与电源电压是否相符,电动机的起动设备是否符合要求,是否完好无损。火花等级电刷下火花程度换向器及电刷的状态允许运行方式L无火花换向器上没有黑痕;电刷上没有灼痕允许长期连续运竹11/4电刷边缘仅小部分有微弱的点状火花或有非放电性的红色小火花11/2电刷边缘大部分或全部有轻微的火花换向器上有黑痕出现,用汽油可以擦除;在电刷上有轻微灼痕2电刷边缘大部分或全部有较强烈的火花换向器上有黑痕出现,用汽油不能擦除;电刷上有灼痕。短时出现这一级火花,换向器上不出现灼痕,电刷不致烧焦或损坏仅在短时过裁或有冲击负载时允许出现3电刷的整个边缘有强烈的火花,即环火,同时有大火花飞出换向器上有黑痕且相当严重;用汽油不能擦除;电刷上有灼痕。如在这一级火花短时运行,则换向器上将出现灼痕,电刷将被烧焦或损坏仅在直接起动或逆转的瞬间允许出现`但不得损坏换向器及电刷3.2直流电动机的启动①在恒压电源供电时,需用起动器起动。闭合线路开关,在电动机负载下,开动起动器,在每个触点上停留约2S直至最后一点,转动臂被低压释放器吸住为止。②电动机在单独的可调电源供电时,先将激磁通电达满激磁
本文标题:关于电动机常见故障分析与维护毕业论文
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