大学与社会的服务关系

1|PageAssignmentTitles:ShouldUniversitiesservesocietyandinwhatwayscanthisachieved?Abstract:Thispaperexploredthequestionwhetheruniversitiesshouldservesociety.Bythereviewingofuniversitydevelopinghistoryandanalyzingsomesupporttheories,thepositiveanswerhasbeengiven.Thentheapproachesforimprovingthisservicehavebeenproposedintwosides;oneisimprovinguniversities'functionssuchasindividualeducationandpubliceducation;theothersideisthepolicysupportfromsociety.Introduction:Asapartofhumansociety,universityhasplayeddifferentrolessinceithappened.Ithasbeenreportedthatinthehistory,universityhasdistanceditselffromhumansocietybutsometimesitkeptclosetothesocietyactivelyoreveninanultrawaysuchasrevolution.Intheotherwords,universityvariesitsassociationwithsocietybetweensocialandacademic.Nomatterwhichpositiontheuniversitywas,theinfluenceoftheuniversityonhumansocietyweresignificantandnonignorable.Somescholarssupportthatasanacademicinstitution,universityshouldnotservesocietybuttoconductresearchandacademicstudies.However,otherexpertsarguethatuniversitiesshouldservesocietyandcater2|Pagedemandsofsociety.Inmyposition,thisservicecanbeachieveddirectly.Forexample,trainingthemanpowerthesocietyneedorworkouttheunemploymentproblems.Alsoitcanbeachievedindirectlywhichmeanskeepacademic.Inthisessay,IwillprovemypositionbypresentingareviewoftherelationshipbetweensocietyanduniversityindifferenthistoryperiodandanalyzingtheGeneralsystemtheory(Bertalanffy,1968),AshbyaswellasMarx'stheories.ThenillustratemyideasandexamplesonhowuniversitiesservicecanbeachievedTheideaabouttheuniversity’sfunctionischanginganddeveloping.Inordertoexploringtherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietyweshouldbatebacktothehumanhistorytolookfortheassociationinthepast.IwillstartthisreviewfromtheschoolinancientGreekageandnextgothroughthemiddleAges,thenturntotheindustryrevolutiontimeandfinallyIwillfinishthisreviewatmodernage.Thisreviewisforexploringthechangeoftherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsocietyandlookingfortheevidencefromhistoricalperspectivetosupportthatuniversitiesshouldservehumansocietybecausethehistorypresentsacleartrendthatuniversitieshavestartedtoservehumansocietyandthisservicehasbecamemoreandmorepopular.Besides,thehistoryistruthandevidencewhichcouldnotbenegatedandignored.'Academy'and'Lyceum',whichestablishedbyPlatoandAristotle3|PagewerethemostsignificanthighereducationinstitutionsbeforeuniversitieshappenedinMiddleAges(Bligh,1990.p24).In387BC,PlatoestablishedaschoolinAthenscalled‘Academy’.Itwastheoneoftheearliestwellknownhighereducationinstitutionsinthewesternworld.InthisschoolPlatoestablishedseveralsubjectssuchasarithmetic,geometry,psychologyandastronauticbasedonThePythagoreanspower.Unfortunately,Justinian(theemperoroftheEasternRomanempire)closeddown‘Academy’afterabout900yearssinceitwasestablished.However,itsexistencehashadasignificantimpactonhighereducationhistoryuptonow.Asahighereducationrepresentativeatthattime,theschoolofAcademyhaddistanceditselffromthetemporalsocietyandmainlyfocusontheTruthsuchasscience,philosophyandpsychology.Forthenextthe900years,'Academy'becamethecradleoftheTruth.OneofthegreateststudentsinthisschoolisAristotlewhowasthefounderoftheAristotleTheoryandhemadesignificantcontributiontophilosophyandsciencesuchasthetheoryofFormalLogicandGeocentricTheory.Inaddition,Universitiesestablishedinmedievaltimewerealmostbasedontheprincipleof'Academy'.Asabeginning,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywasdistanced.Afterthe'Academy',intheearlymedievaltime,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywaschangedbutthedistancewascontinued.Therewereplentyofhighereducationalinstitutionsestablishedanddeveloped4|Pageatthattime.AtthebeginningoftheMedieval,universitieswereforestalledbytheChurchaspeopleandsocietywerecontrolledbythisreligionpowerforalongtime.Besides,churchesneedmorepriesthoodtoenhancetheircontrolling(Bligh,1990).However,inthe11thcentury,manufactureandbusinessactivitiesoccurredasaresultofthecapitalismactivities.Thechurchschoolcouldnotcaterthedemandofmanufactureandbusinessdeveloping.Therefore,somemanufactureandbusinessunionshadestablishedtheearliestmodernuniversitiessuchastheUniversityofBolognaandTheUniversityofPariswhichtaughtpeoplesocialconceptandknowledge(Haskins,1923).TheexampleofthehighereducationchanginginBritainatthistimemaygiveusmoretruthabouttherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsociety.OxfordUniversityandTheUniversityofCambridge,twooftheoldestandthemostreputableuniversities,usedbelongtothechurchpowerwhentheyestablishedandcourseswerecontrolledbytheChurch(Bligh,1990).However,bytheinfluenceofRenaissancethought,thesetwotypicalchurchuniversitiesbegantochangetheirteachingcontentsandmethodsfromtrainingtheclergiesandgovernorstoeducatingpublicandsocialelites.Intheotherwords,thechurchuniversitiesbecamesensitivetosocietyandtriedtoadoptthenewsocialenvironmentandproductionrelationship.Withthetimegoing,inthe18thcenturyinEngland,theindustrialrevolutionspedupthesocietydevelopmentsignificantlyand5|Pagethenewproductionrelationshiphasbeenacceptedbythepublic.Plentyofmodernciv