重工业向现代服务业的转型

HOWTOREGENERATETHELOCALECONOMYWITHNEWINDUSTRIESWHENTHEMINESCLOSEDOWN关闭矿井后，如何通过新行业振兴当地经济TRANSFORMATIONOFHEAVYINDUSTRIESTOWARDSMODERNSERVICEINDUSTRY重工业向现代服务业的转变Changshang,China中国，长沙CONTENTS目录1.HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工业2.DEFINITIONS定义3.MINECLOSURE关闭矿井4.POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用5.INVESTMENTPROMOTIONINMININGAREAS促进采矿区的投资6.COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING:EUROPEANEXPERIENCE重组煤炭行业：欧洲经验7.CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯8.GUIDELINES指导方针9.CONCLUSIONS结论HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工业HEAVYINDUSTRIES:PRIMARYSECTOR(STEELMAKING,MINING,SHIPBUILDING,…)重工业：主要行业（炼钢、采矿、造船……）BLAMEDFORPOLLUTION造成污染LARGEFACILITIES,i.e.LARGEINDUSTRIALGROUNDS大型设施，例如占用大量工业用地BIGEMPLOYERS,MANYUNSKILLEDWORKERS企业规模庞大，许多工人缺乏技术MAINECONOMICALACTIVITYINTHEAREA当地主要的经济活动Düsseldorf,1953DEFINITIONS定义RESTRUCTURING重组PROCESSOFFINANCIALRECOVERY,REORGANISATIONANDREORIENTATIONOFANINDUSTRIALSECTORORENTERPRISE.ITAIMSTOREDUCECOSTANDREDEPLOYCAPACITYINTHESHORTTERMTOENABLECORPORATEVIABILITYOVERTHEMEDIUMTERM.INSOMECASES,THEONLYREALISTICOUTPUTOFRESTRUCTURINGISCLOSURE工业部门或企业经济复苏、重组和重新定位的过程。其目的是短期内降低企业成本并重新部署资源，以提高企业长期发展的生命力。在某些情况下，重组唯一的现实出路就是停业关闭。REGENERATION重建PROCESSESINVOLVEDINTHEECONOMICRENEWALOFAREAS,PARTICULARLYTHOSEAFFECTEDBYTHELOSSOFJOBSTHROUGHTHERESTRUCTURINGORCLOSUREOFFORMEREMPLOYERS重建地区经济的过程，特别是受企业重组或关闭影响而造成严重失业现象的地区的经济重建。RECONVERSION复原ADAPTINGANAREATOEXISTINGANDFUTUREECONOMICFORCES,SOTHATOVERTHELONGTERM,THEINHABITANTSANDCOMMUNITIESCANEXPECTLASTINGANDEQUITABLYDISTRIBUTEDJOBOPPORTUNITIES调整地区适应现有或未来的经济力量，使居民和社区能长期地获得持续、公平的就业机会MINECLOSURE关闭矿井•MINECLOSUREISTHEPERMANENTCESSATIONOFMININGOPERATIONSANDALLSUBSEQUENTACTIVITIESRELATEDTODECOMMISSIONINGANDSITEREHABILITATIONORMONITORING关闭矿井指永久性停止采矿作业以及与停运、场地复原或监控相关的一切后续活动。•MINECLOSUREISAGROWINGPROBLEM关闭矿井是一个日益严重的问题•MINECLOSUREDUETO•DEPLETIONOFMINEABLERESERVES•ECONOMICREASONS•SAFETYREASON关闭矿井的原因可开采的资源枯竭经济因素安全因素•MAINIMPACTSOFMINECLOSURE•关闭矿井的主要影响•TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL•SOCIOECONOMICAL•技术影响/环境影响•社会经济影响Hituramine,Nivala,FinlandMINECLOSURE关闭矿井MINECLOSURE关闭矿井From“MineClosureHandbook”,byPMHeikkinenetal.,Espoo2008TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS技术/环境影响•PHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALSTABILITYOFFORMERMINESITEANDREMAINS原采矿地点及残留物的物理、化学及生物稳定性•SAFETYHAZARDS•MINEOPENINGS•SURFACEFACILITIES安全风险矿井缺口地表设施•REHABILITATIONOFMINESITE•MINESITE•SPOILHEAPS•TAILINGPONDS矿址复原采矿地点废石堆尾矿池•ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS•DEGRADEDENVIRONMENT•ACIDMINEDRAINAGE•SUBSIDENCE•SPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION环境问题环境恶化排泄酸性矿水地表塌陷自燃Sandaolingmine,PRCSOCIOECONOMICALASPECTS社会经济影响•MININGCOMPANIESUSUALLYARETHEMAINEMPLOYERSINTHEAREA煤矿企业通常是当地主要企业•MININGGENERATESMANYINDIRECTJOBS采矿业提供很多间接的就业机会•COMPARATIVELYHIGHSALARIESPROVIDEFORHIGHLIVINGSTANDARD提供相对较高的薪水，有利于提高生活水平•LARGELANDSURFACESTHATBECOMEIDLE大面积地表土地闲置•SUDDENDECREASEOFECONONICACTIVITYMEANSWORSENINGOFLIVINGCONDITIONS经济活动的突然减少意味着生活条件的恶化•POSSIBLERUPTUREOFTHECOMMUNITYLINK企业联系可能中断•LACKOFJOBSCOULDLEADTOEMIGRATION缺乏就业机会可能导致移民POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用WHENAMINECLOSESDOWN,DIFFERENTTYPESOFREMAINSARELEFTBEHIND:煤矿关闭后，残留物有所不同：•QUARRIESANDOPENCASTMINING:EXCAVATIONSANDLANDMOVEMENTS•MOUNTAINMINING:SPOILTIPS,TRANSPORTFACILITIESANDADITS•UNDERGROUNDMINING:BUILDINGSANDINDUSTRIALFACILITIES•采石场和露天开采：挖掘和地面活动•山区采矿：弃渣堆积，交通设施和平硐•地下采矿：建筑物和工业设施AFTERCESSATIONOFMININGACTIVITIES:•LARGELANDSURFACESBECOMEAVAILABLE•INDUSTRIALHERITAGEBECOMESAVAILABLE采矿活动停止后：可利用的大面积地表土地可利用的工业设施POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用SCENARIOSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMININGLAND采矿土地开发场景ORIGINALUSE原始用途MINECLOSURE矿井关闭REHABILITATION复原NEWUSE新用途MINING采矿Economical经济的Active主动Passive被动Ecological生态的TEMPORARYUSE临时使用POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MAINGOALINMININGLANDUSEAFTERMINECLOSUREMUSTBETHEDESIGNOFASTRATEGYINORDERTOREUSEMININGLANDINORDERTOCREATE:•NEWECONOMICALACTIVITIES(NEWINDUSTRIES,AGRICULTURE,COMMERCE,…)•ENVIRONMENTALLYRESTOREDAREAS•USEOFMININGHERITAGE(MUSEUMS,THEMEPARKS,…)矿井关闭后，重新利用原采矿土地的主要目标是设计一个策略使采矿土地重新创造：新的经济活动（新的工业、农业、商业……）环境复原地区采矿遗留物的利用（博物馆、主题公园……）POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采矿业遗产•MININGISONEOFTHEOLDESTACTIVITIESINTHEHISTORYOFMANKIND采矿是人类历史上最古老的活动之一•ALMOSTEVERYSTEPOFTECHNOLOGICALEVOLUTIONHASHADANEFFECTONMINING几乎每一次技术发展都对采矿业有所影响•MININGCOVERSAWIDEGROUPOFTECHNICALSUBJECTS,BEINGATTHESAMETIMEATTRACTIVETOTHELAYMAN采矿业涉及大量技术，吸引外来者•SEVERALAREASINTHEWORLDSHOWAHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFMININGHERITAGEELEMENTS•THEMIDLANDS,WALESANDCORNWALL,GREATBRITAIN•RUHRVALLEY,SOUTHBAVARIAANDLAUSATIA,GERMANY•NORD-PASDECALAIS,ALSACEANDLORRAINE,FRANCE•ASTURIAS,SPAIN•SILESIA,POLAND•THEAPPALACHIANS,USA•ZACATECAS,MEXICO世界许多地区都存在大量的矿业遗留物英国的中部地区、威尔士和康沃尔德国鲁尔山谷、巴伐利亚南部和LAUSATIA西班牙阿斯图里亚斯波兰西里西亚美国阿巴拉契亚山脉墨西哥萨卡特卡斯•MININGMUSEUMSANDGUIDEROUTESTHROUGHMININGHERITAGEHAVEBECOMEANEWINCOMESOURCEFORFORMERMININGAREAS建立采矿博物馆、开辟穿越采矿遗留物的旅游路线已经成为原采矿地区新的收入来源POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采矿业遗产NationalCoalMiningMuseumforEngland65MININGMUSEUMSINGREATBRITAIN英国有65家采矿博物馆POSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采矿业遗产120MININGMUSEUMSINGERMANY德国有120家采矿博物馆DeutschesBergbaumuseumBochumPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采矿业遗产20MININGMUSEUMSINFRANCE法国有20家采矿博物馆CentreHistoriqueMinierLewardePOSTMININGLANDUSE原采矿土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采矿业遗产15MININGMUSEUMSINSPAIN西班牙有15家采矿博物馆MuseodelaMineríaydelaIndustria,AsturiasPOST