大学写作课件Chapter5Summarizing

Chapter5Summarizing1.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Itreproduces(重现)thethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.2.Typesofsummaryandtheirpurposes1)Thereader’ssummary,whichyouwriteforyourself,isawayofunderstandingthetextyouarereading.Thepurposeofthissummaryhelpsyoulearnandcheckwhatyouhavelearned.2.Typesofsummaryandtheirpurposes2)TheSummaryEssayreferstothesummaryyouwriteforaudienceotherthanyourself.Thepurposeofthesummaryessayistoconveytoothersanunderstandingofatextyouhaveread,withouttheirhavingtoreaditthemselves.Thusforyourreaders,yoursummaryfunctionsasasubstitutefortheoriginalsourcethatyouaresummarizing.3.UsesofSummaryWriting1)Enableustogetmoreoutofourreadingandfocusustopayattentiontowhatweread.2)Helpimprovereadingcomprehension.3)Givehelptocompositionwriting.4)Havegreatpracticalvalue.4.Procedure4.1Reading1)Firstreadthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit.(Themoreyoureadit,thebetteryouunderstandit,themorefamiliaryouwillbetowhatissaidaboutthesubject.)4.Procedure2)GiveatitletoyoursummaryThinkofsomeword,phraseorshortsentencethatwillsumupbrieflythemainideaofthepassage.Sometimeswhatiscalledatopicsentencemaybeused.(Tofindasuitabletitlewillhelpyoutodefinewhatexactlythesubject,ormaintheme,ofthepassageis.)4.Procedure3)Furtherreadthepassagetoensurethatweunderstanditsdetailsaswellasitsmainidea.(Readitwordbyword,phrasebyphrase,andsentencebysentence,lookupinthedictionaryanywordwhosemeaningisnotclear.)4.Procedure4)Decidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialorimportant,omittingcomparativelyunimportantparts.4.Procedure5)Jotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints---thesubject,thetitle,andthedetailswhichyouconsideressentialorimportant.4.Procedure4.2Writing4.2.1KeyfeaturesofWritingaSummary1)Asummarymustbeshorterthantheoriginal.(aboutone-thirdtoone-fourthofthelengthoftheoriginal.Notexceedthelimit.).4.Procedure2)Thesummarymustincludethemainideaoftheoriginalinyourownwords.(Itmustnotbeapatchwork(拼缀)madeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginalpassage.)4.Procedure3)Thesummarymustincludemajordetails(alsoknownassupportingideas)inyourownwords.4)Followthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage.4.Procedure5)Thesummarymustbefaithfultotheoriginal(donotincludeyourownknowledge,ideasoropinions),andconveythemessageoftheoriginalfullyandclearly.(Yourreadersneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare.)4.Procedure6)Coherentandcoherence(衔接连贯)Summarywritingisdifferentfromoutlinewriting,inwhichonlymainpointsarelisted.Summaryshouldbeincoherencebyusingthepropertransitionalwords.4.Procedure7)PersonandTenseInsummarywriting,the3rdpersonisusuallyused;thesimplepresentorthesimplepastisusedaccordingtothesituations.4.Procedure8)Style(文体)Thestyleofthesummarymustagreewiththatoftheoriginal,whichcanbereflectedbythediction.4.Procedure9）Objectivity(客观性）Summaryisarestatementofthemainideaoftheoriginal.Noexplanation,comment,one’sownopinionisincludedinthesummary;“Ibelieve,Ithink,Isee，etc.”cannotappearinthesummary.4.Procedure10)Accuracy(准确性)Summarywritingisbasedonthecorrectunderstandingoftheoriginal.Summarymustbeloyaltotheoriginaloritswritingorder.Noimportantpoints,evidences,examplescanbeleftoutandnonewpointscanbeinserted.4.Procedure11)BalanceSummaryshouldbearrangedaccordingtothestructureofimportantpointsintheoriginal.Ifsomeimportantpointoccupies70%oftheoriginal,whichshouldbealsoreflectedinthesummary.Thatis,theimportantpointshouldoccupy70%ofthesummary.4.Procedure9Waysofcompressioninwritingasummary(1)OmitthedetailsOnlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary;allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout.4.Procedure(2)Reducetheexamples.Outofthefiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassageoneortwomaybechosenforthesummary;therestaretobeomitted.4.Procedure(3)Simplifythedescriptions.(Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject,itwillbeenoughtokeeponeortwointhesummary.)4.Procedure(4)Eliminateallrepetitions.(Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis.Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary.Sometimesanideaisrepeatedindifferentwords.Suchaveiled(含蓄)repetitionshouldalsobeavoided.)4.Procedure(5)Compresswordy(冗长的)sentencesandchangephrasestowords.Forexamples:“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”-----Hewasverybraveinbattle.4.Procedure“Theaccountthewitnessgaveoftheincidentmadeeveryonethatheardinlaugh.”-----Thewitness’sstorywasabsurd.“Johnfellintotheriverand,beforehelpcouldreachhim,hesank.”-----Johnwasdrownedintheriver.4.Procedure(6)Makephrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentences:e.g.BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andYellowMountain,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthosemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.→4.ProcedureBeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,holidays,newhotelsandbettertransportation.4.Procedure(7)Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.E.g.a.