美国国家消防协会472：受训人员业务水平的核心能力

HazardousMaterialsandTerroristIncidentResponseCurriculumGuidelinesNFPA472CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelRespondersNFPA472CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelResponders2RESPONSEIntroductionOperationslevelrespondersasdefinedinNFPA472shallbetrainedtomeetallcompetenciesofthischapter.Operationslevel(NFPA472)respondersalsoshallreceiveadditionaltrainingtomeetapplicablegovernmentaloccupationalhealthandsafetyregulations.Operationslevel(NFPA472)competenciesarebrokenintothefollowingcategories:(a)Corecompetencies,requiredofallrespondersonthescene,nomatterwhattheirfunction;and(b)Mission-oragent-specificcompetenciesasassignedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdictionMission-specificoperationslevelresponderswhoareexpectedtoperformadditionalmissionsbeyondthecorecompetenciesinthischaptershallbetrainedtomeetthosemission-specificcompetencies,asfoundinthefollowingchapter,“Mission-SpecificOperations”.DefinitionOperationsLevel(NFPA472)Respondersarethosepersonswhorespondtohazardousmaterials/weaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)incidentsforthepurposeofprotectingnearbypersons,theenvironment,orpropertyfromtheeffectsoftherelease;however,thesepersonscanhaveadditionalcompetenciesthatarespecifictotheirresponsemission,expectedtasks,andequipmentandtrainingasdeterminedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction(AHJ).TrainingAudienceRespondersattheoperationslevel(NFPA472)aretypicallythosepersonswhoarethefirsttoarriveatthesceneofahazardousmaterialsincident.Theymaybeemployedbylawenforcement,publicservice,fireoremergencyservices,oravarietyofprivateorganizations.Generally,theyarenotmembersofahazardousmaterialsresponseteam.MethodologyRecommendationsOperationslevel(NFPA472)trainingisbestconductedinaclassroomenvironment,withopportunitiesforsmall-andlarge-groupexerciseseitherintheclassroomorasafieldexerciseinconjunctionwiththetraining.Trainingtypicallyrangesfrom16to24hours,dependingupontrainingenvironmentconditionsandspecifictrainingaudienceneeds.Lectureswithsmall-groupstudentactivitiesareappropriateformuchofthematerial.However,incidentsceneorganizationandcommanddrillandpracticewillrequirelarge-groupsimulatedincidentsthatcanbebestconductedinasimulatororasafieldexercise.Refreshertrainingshouldinclude(1)competencyretestingofallresponseskills,(2)technicalinformationupdates,and(3)critiqueofincidentscenedecision-makingusingsimulatedemergencies.NFPA472CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelRespondersRESPONSE3Summary:CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelRespondersAudience:Allpersonnelwhorespondtohazmat/WMDincidentsPre-Req:AwarenessLevelTrainingTraining:16-24hoursinclassroom,withoptionaladditionaluseoffieldexercisearea.Competenciesincludeanalyzingahazmat/WMDincident,planninganinitialresponse,implementingaplannedresponse,andevaluatingprogress.Refresher:8hourannualrefreshertrainingshouldincluderetestingofresponsecognitiveskills,technicalupdatestohazardsandtoresponseprotocols,andincidentscenedecision-makingpracticeusingsimulatedemergencies.RelationshipofOSHAOperationstoNFPA472CoreOperationsUnder29CFR1910.120(q)(6)(ii),OSHAdefinesoperationslevelrespondercompetenciesdifferentlythanNFPA472.MostOSHAOperationslevelcompetenciesrelatecloselytoNFPACoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelResponders,buttheabilitytoperformbasiccontrol,containmentandconfinementtechniquesunderOSHAarefoundinNFPA472undertheMission-SpecificCompetenciesforOperationsLevelResponders(thefollowingchapterintheseGuidelines).OSHAOperationsLevelCompetenciesarediscussedintheprecedingchapteroftheseguidelines,includingtrainingrecommendationsandthetranslationofthatrequiredstandardintosixprincipleobjectives.ThecrosswalkdescribedintherecommendedtrainingobjectivesinthissectionrelatesindividualNFPA472objectivestoOSHAobjectivesandreferencesthecodingofthesixOSHAobjectivesasexplainedintheprecedingchapteroftheseguidelines.Inaddition,becausetherecommendedcompetenciesrecognizetheresponsibilityoftheoperationslevelrespondertoestablishcommandusinganincidentcommandsystematthebeginningoftheemergency,severalrecommendedobjectivesrelatetoOSHArequirementsfortheincidentcommanderinadditiontoOSHArequirementsforresponderoperations.ToassistinassessingcoursecompliancewithOSHA1910.120(q),therelationshipsbetweentheseobjectivesandtheOSHArequirementsarenoted,asdepictedinthelegendbelow.RecommendedTrainingObjectivesThefollowingtrainingobjectivesarerecommendedfortrainingoperationslevelresponderstocorecompetencies.TheprimarysourceforthismaterialisNFPA472,Chapter5:“CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelResponders”.Trainingobjectivesfromothersourcesaresonoted,withdiscussionoftherationalefortheirinclusiontobefoundinthe“SpecialTopics”sectionattheendoftheResponseGuidelines.NFPA472CoreCompetenciesforOperationsLevelResponders4RESPONSEObjectiveIdentificationLegendOPS-CORE1.-AnalyzingtheIncidentOPS-CORE-1.1.SurveyingtheHazardousMaterials/WMDIncidentsGivenscenariosinvolvinghazardousmaterials/WMDincidents,theoperationslevelrespondershallsurveytheincidenttoidentifythecontainersandmaterialsinvolved,determinewhetherhazardousmaterials/WMDhavebeenreleased,andevaluatethesurroundingconditions.NFPA5.