中国少数民族文化(英语)Culture-of-Chinese-Ethnic-Minorities

Teammembers：安惠琪卜可陈嘉钰秦铎王博CultureofChineseEthnicMinorities56EthnicGroupsofChinaTodayinChina,thereare56ethnicgroupsincludingtheHans.Theydiffergreatlyinsize.TheHansarethemostnumerous—morethanalltherestputtogether.Theyconstitute91.59%ofChinesepopulationaccordingtothe2000nationalpopulationcensus（人口普查）.Alltherestcombinetomakeupjust8.41%.Oftheseminoritygroups,thelargestistheZhuang,withmorethan15millionpeople;nextcometheManchu,Hui,Miao,Uygur（维吾尔族），Yi,andTujiapeoples,eachhasapopulationofoverfivemillion.56EthnicGroupsWetake5ethnicminoritiesasexamplestointroduceChineseethnicculture：Manchu,Dai,Korean,Uygur,MongolianManchuManchu——PopulationandDistributionToday,theManethnicminorityhasapopulationofover10million.TheManpeoplelivemainlyinHeilongjiang,JilinandLiaoningProvincesofnorthChinaalthoughtheManminoritycanbefoundinmostofChina'slargestcitiesaswell.Manchu——LanguageInthe16thcentury,thewrittenlanguageoftheManpeoplewascreatedfromcharactersbasedontheMongolianlanguage,withdotsfollowingthedistinctivecharacters.TheManlanguageispartoftheTungus-Manchugroup（满-通古斯语族）,abranchofAltaicphylum（阿尔泰语系）.Today，theManpeoplelearnedandadoptedtheChineselanguageofthedominantHan,onlyeldersinremoteregionsofHeilongjiangProvincestillknowandcanusetheirancestrallanguage.“Manchu”inManlanguage(manju)Manchu——BeliefTheancientManpeoplebelievedinShamanism（萨满教）.Later,withtheinfluenceofBuddhism,DaoismandConfucianism,theirbeliefstookonapluralistic(多元的)quality.ItisnotuncommontoseestatuesofBodhisattva（菩萨）,GuanYuandothergodspositionedinManhousesforblessing.Manchu——ClothingTheManpeopletraditionallycoiledtheirhairinhightufts（一绺）ontopoftheirheadsandworeearrings,longgowns.Thewomenwithhighersocialstandingworesilkclothingwhilecottonclothingwaswornbywomenoflowersocialstanding.Somecostumes(includingqipaoandmagua)arestillpopularalloverChina.Theman‘sclothingonceconsistedofashortandadjustedjacketoveralonggownwithabelt（腰带）atthewaisttofacilitatehorse-ridingandhunting.UnliketheHan,theManchudidnotpracticefootbinding.Manchu——ClothingManchu——FoodTheManpeoplehaveadistinctivecuisine（烹饪）withtypicaldishesthatincludebloodsausage（血肠）,and'bobo',atypeofsteamedcake.InManculture,eatingthemeatofdogoranyproductderived（来源）fromdogisshunned(回避).ShaqimabobobloodsausageManchu——FoodManhanFeastManchu——FoodManchu——ThreekindsofstrangecustomPastingwindowpapersoutsideIthelpsresistingthewindandsnowstormmoreefficiently.Manchu——ThreekindsofstrangecustomGirlssuckingtobaccoInthepast，theManpeopledevelopedagriculture,fisheryandanimalhusbandryfortheirlivelihood,theysuckedtobaccotoprotectthemselvesfromscorpionandsnakes.Thesmellofthetobaccohelpsdrivingawaythescorpionandsnakes.Manchu——ThreekindsofstrangecustomRaisingupkidsbyhangingthemupTheyhangthekidsuptoprotectthemfromanimalsandmoistground.Nowadays,thethreekindsofstrangecustomarefadingaway.OnlyasmallpartofManpeoplearestillkeepingthecustom.Manchu——ThreekindsofstrangecustomtheDaiethnicminorityAstockadedvillage(村寨）oftheDainationalityTheDainationalityhasapopulationof1,620,000peoplewith1,014,000ofthemmainlylivinginthedistrictofDehongPrefecture（专区）andXishuangbanna.totem（图腾）phoenixFOODDaipeoplelikestickyfood(糯食）.Theyprefersavory（美味可口的，香的）,spicy（辛辣的）andacidfood.Themethodsofcookingareroasting（烤）,steaming,chopping（剁）andpickling(腌，泡）.年年有余牛撒撇UnnomalfoodPavane(孔雀舞）Thetaboos（禁忌）ofDainationalityTaboooutsiders（外人）ridinghorses,goadingcows（赶牛）,carryingaload（挑担）,havingdisheveled（蓬乱的）hairintothestockade.Youshouldtakeshoesoffatthedoorwhenyouenterintoabamoohouse.Walklightlyintheroom.Donnotsitabovethefireplace,oracrossthefireplace.Keepyourselfoutoftheinnerroomofthehost.Donnotsitonthethreshold（门槛）.Donnotmovethetripod（三角架）onthefireplace,norsteponfire.Tabooathomewhistlingortrimmingthenails.Youarenotallowedtositwithclothesasapilloworsitonapillow.Thecoatstothesun/air-cured(晾晒）athighDepartmentandpantsandskirtsinthelowertothesunwhendryingclothes.TakeoffyourshoeswhenyoustepintothetempleTabootouchingayoungmonk‘s(小和尚）head,statues,spears,pennants(三角小旗）andaseriesofBuddhistsacredobjects.Marriagecustoms婚俗Twistthenewcouplewithalongwhiteline.FallinginlovewiththeseasonEveryyearduringtheperiodJuly15toOctober15,thebusyseason,Daiyouthgenerallydonotfallinloveormanageawedding.Thisancientcustomistoputfocusonproductionandworshiphopingtohavefavorableweatherandabundantharvests.MayBuddhablessthecomingyear.Buttheslackseason,especiallythefestivalsandgatherings,itisagoldenopportunityforyoungmenandwomenfallinginlove.DatingCustom(串姑娘stringgirls）WhenDaiyoungmenandwomenfallinlove,songsarecommonlyusedtoexpressaffection,aquestionandanswer,shyandunconventional(非传统的）,verytactfulandclever.Whenanightfalls,thegirlswillputdowntheirbowlsandchopsticksandcarryonthespinningwheeltospin.Infact,theyarewaitingforyoungmento“string“them.Atthispoint,youngboysnearthevillagewillcometothebamboohouseofhisladyinheartwiththelute(鲁特琴）andpsaltery（古代弦乐器）tosinglovesongs.Ifthegirliswilling,shewillresponsetotheyoungboywiththerhythmofthespinningwheel,orevenputdownthespinningwheelandgounderabiggreentreewithjoypour