Latin-Influence-on-Old-English-Partitive-of

1Symposium:ForeignLanguageInfluencesintheHistoryofEnglishThe81stGeneralMeetingofELSJ(TokyoUniversity,31May,2009)YoshitakaKozuka(AichiUniversityofEducation)LatinInfluenceonOldEnglishPartitiveof1.IntroductionThispaperdiscussesanaspectofthedevelopmentoftheso-calledof-genitive.ThisusagegainedgroundinMiddleEnglish,possiblyundertheFrenchinfluence(morespecifically,theinfluenceoftheFrenchprepositionde).AlreadyinOldEnglish,however,therearemanyinstancesoftheconstruction,asillustratedinanumberofstudiesanddictionaries.AsthoseinstancesappearmainlyintextstranslatedfromLatinasrenderingsofprepositionssuchasdeandex,thequestionastotheiroriginhassometimesbeenposed:i.e.whethertheyarenativeorLatinism.Thepresentpaperconsidersthisquestion,focusingonaparticulartypeofuse,namely,thepartitiveuse(e.g.twegenofhim“twoofthem”).HereIwillshowdatasuggestingthatthepartitiveuseofofinOldEnglishwasLatinism,basedontheexaminationoftwo10th-centuryGospelglosses,theLindisfarneGlossandtheRushworthGloss.2.PartitiveconstructioninOldEnglishTwotypesofpartitiveconstructioninOldEnglish(1)anhyra“oneofthem”(2)anofhim“oneofthem”(3)c900tr.Bæda'sHist.III.xix.240WæronþærinþatiidmonigeofOngelþeode[multidegenteAnglorum].(OED2,s.v.ofprep.42a,firstcitation)Partitiveuseofof:NativeusageorLatinism?(4)…aretheseconstructions[i.e.partitiveuseofof]nativeorduetoLatininfluence?(Mitchell1985:§1201)(5)…wemaysafelysaythatthedevelopmenttookplaceindependentofLatin.…Nothingcouldbemorenaturalthan‘(taken)outof’developingintoapartitiveuse.(Bodtker1908:17-18)23.CharacteristicsofthetextsexaminedTextsexamined:(i)theLindisfarneGloss(Skeated.1871-87:hereafterLi)(ii)theRushworthGloss(Skeated.1871-87:hereafterRu)(6)Mt6:9(a)Ru:fæderureþuþeinheofunumearðbeogehalgadþinnomaLatin:paternosterquiesincaelissanctificeturnomentuum(b)Li:faderurerðuarðłðubistinheofnumłinheofnassiegehalgadnomaðinLatin:paternosterquiesincaelissanctificeturnomentuumCf.NRSV:OurFatherinheaven,hallowedbeyourname.(7)Mk5:9Ru:herenomameisforðonmonigewesindunLatin:legionomenmihiestquiamultisumusCf.Li:heretonomameisforðonmonigwesindonNRSV:MynameisLegion;forwearemany.Figure1:CharacteristicsofLiandRu(basedonMorrell1965,Ross1979)RushworthGlossLindisfarneGlossRu1(Mt,Mk1-2:15,Jn18:1-3)Ru2(theremainder)glossatorAldredFarmanOwundateofglossingmid-10thc.late-10thc.late-10thc.dialectNorthumbrianMercianNorthumbrian3styleword-for-wordmarkedbyafreedomoftranslation(exceptMk1-2:15,whichdependsonLi.)word-for-word(basicallyacopyofLi)4.TranslationofLatinpartitivephrasesinLiandRuLatinpartitiveconstructionsconsidered:(i)quantifier+genitivepluralnounorpronoun(e.g.example(8))(ii)quantifier+ex(orde)+ablativepluralnounorpronoun(e.g.examples(9)and(10))(8)Mt26:21Latin:unusuestrummetraditurusestNRSV:oneofyouwillbetrayme(9)Jn13:21Latin:unusexuobistradetmeNRSV:oneofyouwillbetrayme(10)Mk12:28Latin:EtaccessitunusdescribisNRSV:OneofthescribescamenearTable1:GlossesforLatinPartitiveGenitivePhrasesinLiandRuRu1Ru2Ligenitive72236others323Total102439Table2:GlossesforLatinPrepositionalPartitivePhrasesinLiandRuRu1Ru2Ligenitive19(de9/ex10)2(de2/ex0)of-phrasefrom-phrase9(de6/ex3)71(de14/ex57)10(de2/ex8)77(de26/ex51)36(de8/ex28)others3(de2/ex1)2(de0/ex2)3(de1/ex2)Total31831184N.B.1ThedifferenceinthetotalnumberofexamplesbetweenLiandRuisduetothefollowingfacts:(i)someleavesoftheRumanuscriptaremissingand(ii)LatintextsinLiandRuarepartlydifferent.N.B.2Doubleglosses(e.g.Lk(Li)24:13tuoegeofðæmłfromhim[Latin:duoexillis])areincludedin“others”.ExamplesfromLiandRu2(11)Lk20:39(Latingen.→Ligen./Ru2gen.)Latin:respondentesautemquidamscribarumdixeruntmagisterbenedixistiLi:ondsuaredonðasumoðarauduutanacuoedonlaruuwelðucuoedeRu2:onsworadesumðarauðwutunacwæðwelðucwedeNRSV:Thensomeofthescribesanswered,‘Teacher,youhavespokenwell.’(12)Mk14:18(Latinex→Liof/Ru2of)Latin:amendicouobisquiaunusexuobismetradetquimanducatmecumLi:soðliceiuh≠teanofiuhmecseleðseðeattæsmecm[ið]Ru2:soðiccweðoiowforðonanofiowmecseleðseðeeteðmecmiðNRSV:TrulyItellyou,oneofyouwillbetrayme,onewhoiseatingwithme.(13)Mk14:10(Latinde→Lifrom/Ru2of)Latin:EtiudasscariotisunusdeduodecimabiitadsummossacerdotesLi:7łæciuðasscariotisanfromðæmtuoelfumfoerdetoðæmheh-sacerdumRu2:7iudasscariothanoftwelfumfeordetoðæmheh-sacerdomNRSV:ThenJudasIscariot,whowasoneofthetwelve,wenttothechiefpriestsExamplesfromRu1(14)Mt26:21(Latingen.→Ru1gen.cf.Ligen.)Latin:amendicouobisquiaunusuestrummetraditurusestRu1:soþiceowsæcge≠aneowermesellendebiðCf.Li:soðliceiccueðoiwhforðonł≠teanIwermecsellendebiðNRSV:TrulyItellyou,oneofyouwillbetrayme.(15)Mt10:29(Latinex→Ru1gen.cf.Liof)Latin:unusexeisnoncaditsuperterramsinepatreuestroRu1:anþærenefalleþoneorþanbutanfædereower5Cf.Li:ennełanofðæmnefallæðofereorðobutafaderiuerræNRSV:YetnotoneofthemwillfalltothegroundapartfromyourFather.(16)Mt5:19(Latinde→Ru1ofcf.Liof)Latin:QuiergosolueritunumdemandatisistisminimisRu1:seþeforþontoleseþanofþissebebodalæsestCf.Li:seðeofðonłforðo[n]untynesłtoslittesenneofbobodumðissumleasestumłlytlumNRSV:Therefore,whoeverbreaksoneoftheleastofthesecommandments(17)Mt8:21(Latinde→Ru1ofcf