英语语法直接引语与间接引语介绍

英语语法一字不改地引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分就叫直接引语；直接引语必须都放在引号中，其位置常在句尾或句首。用自己的话转述别人的话；被转述的部分就叫间接引语；间接引语不必用括号，一般用宾语从句或复合宾语表达法。原封不动引用别人的原话,原话在引号中。“Takeoffyourboots,”hesaid.“Idon’tknowwhereyourbikeis,”saidtheArab.“I’msorry,”theprofessorsaidtotheclass,“butnoneofyouwatchedcarefullyenough.”用自己的话转述别人所说的内容。通常以宾语从句的形式出现。当直接引语变为间接引语时，有关的人称、语序、时态、代词、时间状语、地点状语、和少数动词都要作相应的改变。时态的变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时或不变过去将来时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去进行时过去（完成）进行时过去完成时过去完成时将来进行时过去将来进行时代词时间状语地点状语少数动词直接间接thistheseherenowcomebringcanmaymustthatthosetherethengotakecouldmighthadto直接间接threeyearsagothreeyearsbeforelastyeartheyearbeforelastweektheweekbeforethisyearthatyearnextweekthenextweeknextyearthefollowingyeartodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforetomorrowThenextdaythefollowingday时间状语陈述句：引语前用that引导,有时也可以不用。Hesaid,“Iopenedthewindowthismorning.”Hesaidthatheopenedthewindowthatmorning.Mysistersaid,“Wehavecleanedthefloor.”Mysistersaidthattheyhadcleanedthefloor.Themanagersaidtome,“Youmustgotherenextweek.”ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.Thegirlsaid,“Icandomyhomeworkmyself.”Thegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.如直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。Theteachersaidinclass,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.”Theteachersaidinclassthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.陈述句直接引语变间接引语的结构：AsaidthatAtoldBthatThegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.一般疑问句：变为间接引语后，要用陈述语序（主语先写）用if或whether引导。时态等作相应变化。Heasked,“Canyouhearme?”Heaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.Theteacherasked,“Haveyoureadthisbook,Bob?”TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.Shesaidtome,“Willyougotherewithme?”Sheaskedmeif/whetherIwouldgotherewithher.Sheasked,“Didyouseethefilmyesterday,Peter?”SheaskedPeterif/whetherhehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.“Areyouleavingtodayortomorrow?”JoanaskedKate.JoanaskedKateif/whethershewasleavingthatdayorthenextday.一般疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：Aaskedif/whetherAaskedBifwhetherHeaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.特殊疑问句：变为间接引语后，仍用原来的疑问词引导，用陈述语序。时态等作相应变化。‘’Whendidtheybuildthisbridge?”sheasked.Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.Theteacheraskedher,“Whydidyoucomelate?”Theteacheraskedherwhyshecamelate.RobertaskedAlice,“Whereismydictionary?”RobertaskedAlicewherehisdictionarywas.Mrs.Billaskedhim,“Whichbookdoyoulikebest?”Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.特殊疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：Aasked+原句疑问词AaskedB+原句疑问词Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.祈使句：改为间接引语后，就成了以不定式短语形式出现的宾语补足语（动词常是ask/tell/order/advise/warn/remind等）。Hesaidtothegirl,“Doitatonce.”Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.Mrs.Hillsaid,“pleasesingatourparty,Mary.”Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.Shesaidtome,“Don’tsmokeintheclassroom.”Shetoldmenottosmokeintheclassroom.Hesaid,“Let’sgofishingtomorrow.”Hesuggestedgoingfishingthenextday.祈使句直接引语变间接引语的结构(~sbtodosth)：AtoldB(not)todo…AaskedB(not)todo…Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.二）祈使句改间接引语后是~sb(not)todosth结构注意以下几点1.said/saidto要变成asked/told/order等可跟不定式作宾补的动词。2.呼语变宾语，please要去掉.感叹句直接引语(变化前)Hesaid,“HowhappyIam!”间接引语(变化后)Hesaidthathewasveryhappy.Hesaidhowhappyhewas.Whatacleverboyyouare!sheexclaimed.→Shetoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.→Shetoldhimthathewasacleverboy.由直接引语转变为间接引语,有时会引时态的变化,注意以下几个方面1.主句动词为一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变：直接引语Sheoftensays,“Allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.”间接引语Sheoftensaysthatallmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变1.不变的真理：Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Waterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.”→Theteachertoldthestudentsthatwaterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.2.经常的习惯(强调动作或状态现在仍然如此时，)Hesaidtothedoctor,“Ismoketwopackseveryday.”→Hetoldthedoctorthathesmokestwopackseveryday.3.历史事件(直接引语中有绝对具体的过去时间做状语时)Theteachersaid,“WorldWarⅡendedin1945.”→TheteachersaidthatWorldWarⅡendedin1945.4.部分情态动词,如must,oughtto,usedto,hadbetter等：Shesaidtome:“Youmusthurryup.”→ShesaidthatImusthurryup.1.Heoftensays“Ishalltellyouaboutthem.”Heoftentellsmethat_____willtell_____about______.A.I…you…themB.he…me…themC.he…you…usD.I…me…youB2.Youmustsaytoher,“Idependonyouandhim.”Youmusttellherthat_____dependon____and_____.A.I…you…himB.she…you…meC.you…her…himD.you…me…him3.Ishalltellhim,“Ihavewrittentoyouandhertwice.”Ishalltellhimthat____havewrittento____and_____twice.A.I…him…herB.you…him…herC.I…you…meD.you…me…her4.Jacksaidtome,”Youlookworriedtoday.”Jacktoldmethat_____worried_____.A.helooks…todayB.youlook…todayC.welooked…thatdayD.Ilooked…thatday5.Theysaidtous,“Areyouafraidtoleavethishouse?”Theyaskedus____afraidtoleave_____house.A.thatwerewe…thisB.thatwewere…thatC.ifwerewe…thisD.ifwewere…that6.“DoyouknowEnglish?”heasked.Heaskedif_______English.A.IknewB.youknowC.heknewD.Iknow7.Janesaid,“Whatdidhehearaboutaweekago?”Janeasked____about_____.A.thatheheard…aweekagoB.ifheheard…theweekagoC.whathehadheard…aweekagoD.whathehadheard…theweekbefore8.Sheasked,”Whosehousewillhebreakintonexttime?”Sheaskedwhosehouse____breakinto_____.A.willhe…nexttimeB.wouldhe…thenexttimeC.hewill…nexttimeD.hewould…thenexttime9.Jacksaidtoher,”Wheredoyouspendyourholidays?”Jackaskedherwhere____holidays.A.shespen