国外高分子科学与工程教材与参考资料CyclicPolym

CYCLICPOLYMERSCYCLICPOLYMERS(Secondedition)EditedbyJ.ANTHONYSEMLYENUniversityofYork,U.K.KLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSNEWYORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOW!##$%&'(0)306)47117)5*+,-./%&'(0)412)83090)601221/3456!+/789:!;,8/*54,=!+='!6/?#+$@/#=.#-@/A#+:+!8.@/B#-:#-@/C#=8#6*+,-.//01222/3456!+/789:!;,8/*54,=!+=744/+,D.=/+!=!+E!:'#/F9+./#G/.,=/!##$/;9H/!/+!F+#:58!:/#+/.+9-=;,..!:/,-/9-H/G#+;/#+/H/9-H/;!9-=@/!4!8.+#-,8@;!89-,894@/+!8#+:,-D@/#+/#.!+6,=!@/6,.#5./6+,..!-/8#-=!-./G+#;/.!/*54,=!+I+!9.!:/,-/.!/J-,.!:/&.9.!=/#G/7;!+,89K,=,./3456!+/L-4,-!/9.(//..F(MM$456!+#-4,-!N8#;9-:/3456!+O=/!##$=.#+!/9.(..F(MM!##$=N$456!+#-4,-!N8#;CONTENTSPrefaceContributorsContributorsBiographiesviiixxiii1234567891011Introduction:CyclicPolymers-thefirst40yearsbyJAnthonySemlyen,UniversityofYork,UKCircularDNAbyAlexanderVVologodskii,NewYorkUniversity,USACyclicPeptidesbyJohnSDavies,UniversityofWales,Swansea,UKCyclicOligosaccharidesandPolysaccharidesbyShinichiKitamura,KyotoPrefecturalUniversity,JapanCyclicPolysiloxanesbyStephenJClarson,UniversityofCincinnati,USACyclicOligomersofPolycarbonatesandPolyestersbyDanielJBrunelle,GECorporateResearchandDevelopment,Schenectady,NY,USALargeCrownEthers,CyclicPolyethersandCyclicBlockCopolyethersbyColinBoothandColinPrice,UniversityofManchester,UKLargeCyclicEstersandEther-EstersbyBarryRWoodandSCarolineHamilton,UniversityofYork,UKCyclomerTechnologyforHighPerformancePolymersbyYongDingandAllanSHay,McGillUniversity,CanadaOrganicCyclicPolymersbyJacquesRoovers,NationalResearchCouncil,CanadaNeutronScatteringandNuclearMagneticResonanceInvestigationsofCyclicPolymersbyPeterCGriffiths,CardiffUniversity,UKv147851251611852292713073473851213141516RotaxanesbyHarryWGibsonandEricJMahan,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,USAOligomericandPolymericCatenanesbyDavidALeighandRichardASmith,UniversityofWarwick,UKCyclicInorganicOligomersandPolymersbyIonelHaiduc,Universitatea“Babes-Bolyai”,Cluj-Napoca,RomaniaCyclisationandtheFormation,StructureandPropertiesofPolymerNetworksbyRobertFTSteptoandDavidJRTaylor,ManchesterMaterialsScienceCentre,UKTheoreticalAspectsofCyclicPolymers:EffectsofExcludedVolumeInteractionsbyMustaphaBenmouna,InstitutdePhysiqueetChimie,Tlemcen,AlgeriaandUlrichMaschke,UniversitédesSciencesetTechnologiesdeLille,France415561601699741viPREFACEThefirsteditionof“CyclicPolymers”waspublishedbyElsevierAppliedSciencePublishersin1986.ItconsistedoftenchaptersreviewingtheadvancesthathadbeenmadeinanewareaofPolymerScience,wheremacromoleculesarebasedonlargeringmoleculesratherthanlongchainmolecules.Therehavebeenimportantdevelopmentsinthesubjectsincethenandthissecondeditionof“CyclicPolymers”describesmanyoftheminsixteenchaptersdealingwithbothsyntheticandbiologicalcyclicpolymers.Inthissecondedition,someofthedevelopmentsincyclicpolymerchemistryoverthepastfortyyearsareoutlinedinChapter1andfundamentaldifferencesbetweenthepropertiesoflargeringmoleculesandlongchainmoleculesarediscussed.Inthefollowingthreechapters,theimportanceofcyclicstructuresinbiologicalmacromolecularscienceisstrikinglydemonstratedbydetailedreviewsofcircularDNA,cyclicpeptidesandcyclicoligosaccharidesandpolysaccharides.Thepreparationandpropertiesofsyntheticcyclicpolymersarecoveredinaseriesofchaptersoncyclicpolysiloxanes,largecyclicethersandether-estersandotherorganiccyclicpolymers.Theimportanceofring-openingpolymerizationreactionstoproducecommerciallyvaluablelinearpolymersisemphasisedinchaptersoncyclicpolycarbonatesandcyclicpolyestersandoncyclicoligomersusedtopreparehighperformancepolymers.Cyclicinorganicoligomersandpolymersaredescribedinaseparatechapter.Afundamentaldifferencebetweenlargeringandlongchainmoleculesistheabilityoftheringstoformcatenanesandrotaxanesandadvancesinboththesearedescribedinseparatechaptersinthisbook.Twotechniquesthathavebeenfoundtobeparticularlyusefulforinvestigatingsyntheticcyclicpolymersareneutronscatteringandnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopyandachapterisdevotedtooutliningtheapplicabilityofboththesemethods.Anotherchapterdescribestheroleofcyclizationinnetworkformation.Finally,theoreticalaspectsofcyclicpolymerpropertiesarereviewedinthelastchapterofthebook.Twoaspectsofthesubjectoflargeringmoleculesandcyclicpolymersareespeciallynoteworthy.Thefirstisitsmultidisciplinarynature,sothatcyclicpolymersmaybebasedonorganic,inorganicorbiologicalmacromoleculesandsubjectssuchaschemistry,physics,biology,materialsscience,engineeringandcomputerscienceareallinvolved.Thesecondaspectresultsfromtheuniquetopologyoflargeringmolecules,whichhasbeenexploitedsoeffectivelybynature(forexamplewithcircularDNA,whichsupercoils,catenatesandformspermanentknotsindifferentnaturallivingsystems).viiviiiAmostencouragingfeatureofthisnew,rapidlydevelopingsubjectofcyclicpolymershasbeentheworld-widecooperationithasengendered.Theeditorofthisbookalonehashadtheprivilegeofworkingwithover150coworkersandcoauthorsdrawnfromfivecontinents.TheauthorscontributingtothisbookcomefromAlgeria,Canada,England,France,Japan,Roumania,theUnitedStatesofAmericaandWales.Scientificresear