英语文体学知识重点[1]

Chapter1Introduction·WhatistheEnglishStylistics？ItisasciencethatdealswiththeresearchforawidevarietyofthestylesofwrittenandoralEnglishinEnglishlanguage.·Whatarelanguagefunctions?a)Todeliversomeinfortootherpeopleb)Tocommunicatewitheachotherinsociety·Howdoweexpressourselvesinaproperway?Severalfactorsdowork.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)SomeknowledgeconcerningEnglishstylistics·Thecorrectnessinusingthelanguagecannotreplacetheappropriatenessinlanguagecommunication.Why?Fourexamples:a)“Hello”and“Hi”b)“Assistme!Assistme!”and“Aid!Aid!”c)“That’sallright.”“That’stosay.”“It’sO.K..”d)Seenextpaged)“Iamterriblysorrytohearthatyourhusbandhasjustdied,butdon’tletitupsetyoutoomuch.You’reanattractive,younglady.I’mprettysureitisveryeasyforyoutofindsomeoneelsesoon.”·Theeffectsoflanguageexpressionsaresometimesrelatedtosomenon-linguisticfactors.a)Sex------“Oh,myGod!”b)Age------“Cheers!”and“Byefornow.”c)Vocation------“Watchthebirdie.”d)Receivededucation------“gotoW.C.”e)Socialstation------“Whatpromptedyoutoapplyforthisjob?”·WhyshouldwelearnandstudyEnglishstylistics?a)ItwillhelpustoexpressourselvesinEnglishproperly.b)ItwillhelpustoknowsomethingaboutlanguagefeaturesofavarietyofEnglishwrittenstyles.c)Itwillhelpustoselectaproperwayforgettingthebestlanguageeffectsandattainingourcommunicativepurposes.d)Itwillhelpustogoatliterarycriticism.e)Itwillhelpustodothetranslationworkwell.Chapter2LanguageDescription&StylisticAnalysis·Thereare4phoneticmeansinEnglish:1)stress2)Intonation3)pause4)voicequality.·Stresshasseveralapparentstylisticandgrammaticalfunctions.(1)Thefirstfunctionisforemphasis.(2)Thesecondfunctionistochangethemeaningorthepartofspeechofsomewords,orboth.(3)ThethirdfunctionistodiffersomeEnglishwords(4)Thefourthfunctionistoshowsomeone’ssurprise,anger,fear,doubt,pleasure,etc..·Intonationcanbeemployedtoexpresspeople’shappiness,sadness,certainty,hesitation,depression,etc.Thereare5pitchesinphonetics:(1)Thefallingpitchisusedtoshowthemeaningofdefiniteness,certaintyandcompleteness.(2)Therisingpitchisemployedtoshowthemeaningofindefiniteness,uncertaintyandincompleteness.(3)Thefall-risepitchisusedtogivepeoplesomeencouragementorgivepeopleawarning.(4)Therise-fallpitchisemployedtogivepeopleasincerepraiseortoshowthefeelingofshock.(5)Thelevelpitchisusedtogiveaccountonsomethinghappenedinthepast.·Pausecanbedividedintotwo.a)voicedpauseb)silentpause·Someusefulrhetoricaldevices1.Periodandinversion2.Parallelismandantithesis3.Climaxandanti-climax4.RepetitionChapter3OralStyleandWrittenStyle·Severaloccasionsforusingoralstyle:1.Inliterarymasterpieces2.Ineverydayconversation3.Ininformalspeeches·Thedifferencesbetweenoralcommunicationandwrittencommunication1.Usesomegestures(bodylanguage)inoralcommunication2.Useastatementasaquestioninoralcommunication3.Usesomepureoralwordsinoralcommunication·Thecomparisonoflanguagestylesinoralstyleandinwrittenstyle·Whatcanbeusedwithoralstyle?1)slangs2)voguewords3)abbreviations4)phrasalverbs5)idioms·Whatcanbeusedwithwrittenstyle?1)ScientificEnglish2)LegalEnglish3)ReligiousEnglish4)Formalspeech5)OfficialdocumentsChapter4FormalStyle&InformalStyle·FivestyleswereadvancedbyMartinJoosinthebook“TheFiveClocks”1)FrozenStyle:legalitems,historicliterature,thedocumentsforinternationalconferences,etc.2)FormalStyle:Thisstyleisusuallyusedtodeliversomeinforonformaloccasions.3)ConsultativeStyle:Withthisstylepeopleusuallyoffersomebackgroundinformation.Itisusuallyemployedinbusinessactivities.4)CasualStyle:Peopleusuallyuseitbetweenfriends,acquaintances,orinsiders.Itsmainfeatureisthatpeopleusuallyemployellipsis,slangsorcantswithit.5)IntimateStyle:Itisusuallyusedbetweenhusbandandwife.Moreoveritisemployedinjargonssometimes.Chapter6SocietalDeviationinEnglish·WhatissocietaldeviationinEnglish?Societaldeviationissomethingaboutsocietaldialects.·BlackEnglishVernacular:(土语)urbanblackEnglish·WhatarethereasonsforyoutoknowBlackEnglishVernacular?(1)ItwillhelpustoknowthestatusqueofAE.(2)ItwillhelptoreadsomenovelsinAmericanliterature.Chapter7TimeDeviationinEnglish·ThreestagesofthedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage1)The1ststageisfrom449to1100(OldEnglish).(TheverbsinOldEnglishcanbedividedintotwocategories------oneisstrongverbsandanotherisweakverbs.Thepasttenseformsofmostofweakverbsarewiththeending-cec,-ode,or-deaftertheoriginalweakverbs.)2)The2ndstageisfrom1100to1500(MiddleEnglish).(Atthattime“hw”inOldEnglishbecame“wh”and“cw”became“qu”.)3)The3rdstageisfrom1500topresenttime(ModernEnglish).(TherearetworemarkablefeaturesinModernEnglish.)(1)TherearemanyloansinModernEnglish.fromJapanese/fromFrench/fromLatin/fromChinese.(2)Therearesomeneologisms(新词)inModernEnglish.·TheapplicationofEnglisharchaicwords（过时的词）inmoderntimes1)InlegalEnglish2)InreligiousEnglish3)InEnglishpoetry4)Innewspapers·Whyusearchaicwordsinmoderntimes?formal/rhyme/show-offChapter8CommonPracticalStyles·ThreefunctionsofEnglishadvertisements1)toattractreaders’attention2)toarosecustomerinterest3)toergecustomertotakeactionsassoonaspossible.·SomefeaturesofEnglishadvertisements(1)Moresimplesentences(2)Lessnegativesent