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《2011版中国糖尿病药物注射技术指南》介绍《2011版糖尿病药物注射技术指南》目录第一章:医护人员的职责第二章:注射前的心理准备第三章:注射治疗的教育第四章:注射药物第五章:注射装置第六章:注射技术第七章:皮下脂肪增生与其他并发症第八章:胰岛素注射相关问题第九章:规范胰岛素注射标准0步骤(胰岛素笔)第十章:注射部位规范检查3要素注射技术是糖尿病注射治疗的三大关键因素之一注射技术注射装置注射药物•注射技术:•注射部位的选择•注射部位的轮换•注射部位的检查和消毒•选择是否捏皮•选择进针角度•针头留置时间•注射器材的废弃•针头重复使用的危害关于注射部位选择的推荐:•注射餐时胰岛素等短效胰岛素,最好选择腹部[1-7]A1•希望胰岛素的吸收速度较缓时,可以选择臀部。臀部注射可以最大限度地降低注射至肌肉层的风险[8,9]A1•给少儿患者注射中效或者长效胰岛素时,最好选择臀部或者大腿[10]A11.FridA,GunnarssonR,GüntnerP,LindeB.EffectsofaccidentalintramuskulærinjectiononinsulinabsorptioninIDDM.DiabetesCare1988;11:41-45.2.FridA&BLinde(1993)ClinicallyimportantdifferencesininsulinabsorptionfromtheabdomeninIDDM.DiabetesResearchandClinicalPractice:Vol21.No2-3.137-141.3.FridA,LindénB.Intraregionaldifferencesintheabsorptionofunmodifiedinsulinfromtheabdominalwall.DiabetMed1992;9:236-9.4.AnnerstenM,WillmanA.Performingsubcutaneousinjections:aliteraturereview.WorldviewsEvidBasedNurs2005;2:122-30.5.ZehrerC,HansenR,BantleJ.Reducingbloodglucosevariabilitybyuseofabdominalinsulininjectionsites.DiabetesEduc1985;16:474-7.6.HenriksenJE,DjurhuusMS,VaagA,Thye-RonnP,KnudsenD.Hother-NielsenO,etal.Impactofinjectionsitesforsolubleinsulinonglycaemiccontrolintype1(insulin-dependent)diabeticpatientstreatedwithamultipleinsulininjectionregimen.Diabetologia1993;36:752-8.7.SindelkaG,HeinemannL,BergerM.FrenckW,ChantelauE.Effectofinsulinconcentration,subcutaneousfatthicknessandskintemperatureonsubcutaneousinsulinabsorptioninhealthysubjects.Diabetologia1994;37:377-40.8.AhernJ&MLMazur(2001)Siterotation.DiabetesForecast:Vol54.No4.66-68.9.WoodL,WilbourneJ,Kyne-GrzebalskiD,etal.administrationofinsulinbyinjection.PracticeDiabetesInternational2002;19(Suppl2-1):S1-S2.10.SmithCP,SargentMA,WilsonBP,PriceDA.Subcutaneousorintramuscularinsulininjections.ArchDisChild1991;66:879-82.腹部以肚脐为中心,半径2.5cm外的距离。越靠近腰部两侧(即使是肥胖患者),皮下组织的厚度也会变薄,因此容易导致肌肉注射。根据可操作性/神经血管距离/皮下组织状况:适合注射的部位上臂上臂侧面或者后侧部位;皮下组织较厚,导致肌肉注射的概率较低。臀部臀部上端外侧部位;即使是少儿患者还是身材偏瘦的患者,该部位的皮下组织仍然丰富,最大限度降低肌肉注射的危险性。大腿大腿外侧;皮下组织较厚,离大腿血管和坐骨神经较远,针头导致外伤的概率较低。推荐的注射部位注射部位还应考虑胰岛素在不同部位的吸收差异腹部87分钟50%较快适合短效胰岛素臀部较慢适合长效胰岛素或中效胰岛素大腿164分钟50%中等至较慢手臂141分钟50%中等至较慢适合长效胰岛素或中效胰岛素不同注射部位胰岛素吸收不同(分钟):—研究显示,50%胰岛素吸收所需要的时间腹部最快,手臂中等,大腿和臀部较慢11.TheAmericanJournalofNursing,Vol.98,No.7,pp.55+57关于注射部位轮换的推荐:•一种已经证实有效的注射部位轮换方案:将注射部位分为四个等分区域(大腿或臀部可等分为两个等分区域),每周使用一个等分区域并始终按顺时针方向进行轮换[1,2]A3•在任何一个等分区域内注射时,每次的注射点都应间隔至少1cm,以避免重复的组织损伤A3•从注射治疗一开始,就应教会患者掌握一套简单易行的注射部位轮换方案[3]A2•每次患者就诊时,医护人员都应检查患者轮换方案的执行情况A31.DiagramscourtesyofLourdesSaez-deIbarraandRuthGaspar,DiabetesNursesandSpecialistEducatorsfromLaPazHospital,Madrid,Spain.2.LumberT.Tipsforsiterotation.Whenitcomestoinsulin.whereyouinjectisjustasimportantashowmuchandwhen.DiabetesForecast2004;57:68-70.3.ThatcherG.Insulininjections.Thecaseagainstrandomrotation.AmJNurs1985;85:690-2.注射部位的轮换:不同注射部位之间的轮换午餐前晚餐前不同注射部位之间的轮换:“每天同一时间注射同一部位,每天不同时间注射不同部位”腹部上臂大腿腹部上臂大腿臀部早餐前午餐前晚餐前早餐前睡前一天注射三次:一天注射四次:注射部位的轮换:左右轮换注射部位左右轮换:左边一周,右边一周,部位对称轮换左边一次,右边一次,部位对称轮换注射部位的轮换:同一注射部位内的轮换同一注射部位内的轮换:每次注射时离上次注射点之间距离至少间隔1cm关于注射部位检查和消毒的推荐:•患者应于注射前检查注射部位[1,2]A3•一旦发现注射部位若出现脂肪增生、炎症或感染,应更换注射部位[3-10]A2•注射时,应保持注射部位的清洁[11]A2•当注射部位不洁净,或者患者处于感染已于传播的环境(如:医院或疗养院),注射前应消毒注射部位[2,12,16-18]A31.DanishNursesOrganization.Evidence-basedClinicalGuidelinesforInjectionofInsulinforAdultswithDiabetesMellitus,2ndedition,December2006.2.AssociationforDiabetescareProfessionals(EADV).Guideline:TheAdministrationofInsulinwiththeInsulinPen.September2008.3.JohanssonU.AmsbergS,HannerzL,WredlingR,AdamsonU,ArnqvistHJ&PLins(2005)ImpairedAbsorptionofinsulinAspartfromLipohypertrophicInjectionSites.DiabetesCare:Vol28,No8,2025-2027.4.Ariza-AndracaCR,Altamirano-BustamanteE,Frati-MunariAC,Altamirano-BustamanteP,Graef-SanchezA.Delayedinsulinabsorptionduetosubcutaneousedema.ArchInvestMed1991;22:229-33.5.Saez-deIbarraL,GallegoF.Factorsrelatedtolipohypertrophyininsulin-treateddiabeticpatients;roleofeducationalintervention.PractDiabetesInt1998;15:9-11.6.YoungRJ,HannanWJ,FrierBM,SteelJM,DuncanLJ.YoungRJ,HannanWJ,FrierBM,SteelJMDiabeticlipohypertrophydelaysinsulinabsorption.DiabetesCare1984;7:479-80.7.ChowdhuryTA,EscudierV.Poorglycaemiccontrolcausedbyinsulininducedlipohypertrophy.BMJ2003;327:383-4.8.JohanssonUB.Impairedabsorptionofinsulinaspartfromlipohypertrophicinjectionsites.DiabetesCare2005;28:2025-7.9.OverlandJ,MolyneauxL,TewariS.,FatourosR,MelvilleP,FooteD,etal.Lipohypertrophy:Doesitmatterindailylife?Astudyusingacontinuousglucosemonitoringsystem.DiabetesObesMetab2009;11:460-3.10.FridA,LindenB.Computedtomographyofinjectionsitesinpatientswithdiabetesmellitus.InjectionandAbsorptionofInsulin.Stockholm:Thesis,1992.11.GormanKC.Goodhygieneversusalcoholswabsbeforeinsulininjections(Letter).DiabetesCare1993;16:960-1.12.SchulerG,PelzK,KerpL.Isthereuseofneedlesforinsulininjectionsystemsassociatedwithahigherriskofcutaneouscomplications?DiabetesResClinPract1992;16:209-12.13.WorkmanB.Safeinjectiontechniques.NursStand1999;13:47-53.14.BainA,GrahamA.Howdopatientsdisposeofsyringes?PractDiabetesInt1998;15:19-21.15.ChantelauE,SchiffersT,SchutzeJ,HansenB.Effectofpatient-selectedintensiveinsulintherapyonqualityofli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