Academic-Writing：Abstract解析

AcademicWriting：AbstractAcademicWritinginEnglish•TypesandFeatures•MainsectionsofAcademictexts•AbstractwritingskillsTypesofText•Aresearcharticlewrittenforpublicationinanacademicjournal(paper)•AnMSc/BScdissertation(thesis)•AnessaywrittenforauniversitycourseFeaturesoftheAcademicWriting•answeraspecificquestion/questions,usingasetofwell-structured,logicalarguments•containreferencestopreviousresearch•writteninanimpersonal,objectivestyle•characterizedbycertainlanguagefeaturessuchastheavoidanceofpersonalandcontractedforms,ahighlexicaldensity,frequentnominalizations(noungroups)andtheuseofthepassivevoice.MainsectionsofacademictextsAbstractIMRD•Introduction•Methods•Results•Discussion•ReferencesAbstract•Function:providesasummaryofthearticleorreport•Types:InformativeorDescriptiveAbstract•InformativeAbstract(50~100words)focusontheresultsoftheresearchandconclusions,generallyusedforhumanitiesandsocialsciencepapersorpsychologyessays.•DescriptiveAbstractAsabriefsummaries(1~2sentences)ofeachoffoursectionsofyourreport(i.e.,introduction,methods,results,discussion)ModelDescriptiveAbstractfrom(Mahapatraetal.,2012)Thepresentworkaimstoconductaprocessoptimizationfortheproductionofactivatedcarbonfromsludgeoffoodprocessingindustry.(aims)Thesignificantfeatureofthissludgebasedactivatedcarbonthatmakesituniqueandeconomicisthatitcanbeproducedfromwastematerial.Thecarbonaceousnatureofthissludgedoesnotallowitsdirectdisposaltolandbecauseofexcessorganicandnutrientloadcontents,however,canbeModelDescriptiveAbstractConvertedtoavalueaddedproduct.Thisprocessnotonlyeliminatestheneedforfurthertreatmentofsludgebutalsoreducethecostofitshandling,landfilling,andtransportationaswellastheutilizationinthesameindustryinthepurificationsystem.(Conclusions）Inthepresentwork,activatedcarbonproducesfrompyrolysis（高温热解）ofsludgewaschemicallyactivatedbyvariousactivatingagents.(backgrounds).Optimizationofimpregnationratio,impregnationtime,activationtemperature,andactivationtimewasstudies.Theproductwascharacterizedthroughitsiodinevalueandyieldpercentage.(Methodsused)ModelDescriptiveAbstractItwasobservedthattheproducthadmaximumiodinevalueof624mg/gwithZnCl2asanactivatingagent.TheFT-IRanalysisdepicts（描绘）thepresenceofavarietyoffunctionalgroupsattachedonthesurfaceofactivatedcarbonwhichareusedintheinteractionwiththeadsorbate（被吸附物）duringtheprocessofadsorption.（experimentalequipments）ModelDescriptiveAbstractTheXRDanalysisrevealsthattheproducedactivatedcarbonhaslowcontentofinorganicconstituentscomparedwiththeprecursor（前体）.Theproductformedwasappliedformethyleneblueadsorption.Theadsorptionequilibriumofmethylenebluedyewasexaminedatroomtemperature.AdsorptionisothermwasdrawnbyapplyingLangmuirandFreundilichmodelsfittingthedataindict,withanadsorptioncapacityof23.6mg/gand14.2mg/g,respectively.ThedatashowthatmethyleneblueadsorptionisbestsuitedtoLangmuirequation.(Findings/conclusions)Notes(注意事项)1）不能用第一人称；（Donotusethefirstperson）2）不必列举例证；（Noexamples）3）不要超出原文内容；（Donotexceedthecontentoftheoriginalpaper）4）不能与其他文章作比较；（Donotcomparewithotherpaper）5）不要重复标题；（Donotrepeatthetitles）Notes6）不能出现“参见文献1,图2,表3,等.”（No“SeeRef.（reference）1,Fig.（figure）2,Tab.（table）3,etc.”）7）不能评价文章的水平及优缺点；（Donotevaluatethepaper）8）没有十分必要，不得出现图、表和公式。（NoFigures,Tables,andFormula,unlessit’sindeednecessary）*文摘长一般为论文长度的3-5%，或按阅者要求。Whatmakesagoodabstract?•Usesonewell-developedparagraph•Coversalltheessentialacademicelementsnamelythebackground,purpose,focus,methods,resultsandconclusions•Containsnoinformationnotincludedinthepaper;•IswritteninplainEnglishandisunderstandable;•Oftenusespassivestructuresinordertoreportonfindings•theoriginalpaper,ofteninamoresimplifiedformforthemoregeneralreader;•Usuallydoesnotincludeanyreferencing;and•Inpublicationssuchasjournals,itisfoundatthebeginningofthetext,butinacademicassignments,itisplacedonaseparatepreliminarypageAbstract—ExampleSentences•介绍文章作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句1.文章内容与作者观点的常用语句2.文章研究课题的常用语句3.文章涉及的范围4.综述与概括某一个领域的研究课题的常用语句5.文章重点的常用语句6.文章目的常用的语句Abstract—ExampleSentences1.文章内容与作者观点的常用语句•常用词语有：dealwith;describe;explain;illustrate;introduce;present;report等(1)Performancegoalsandmeasuringmethodsarebrieflydescribed.简述了性能目标与测量方法Abstract—ExampleSentences1.文章内容与作者观点的常用语句(2)Theapplicationsofthistechniquetonucleardetectionareillustrated.说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。(3)Thebasicconceptsanddatacollectedarepresented.给出了基本概念与收集的数据。Abstract—ExampleSentences2.文章研究课题的常用语句•常用的词语有：analyze,consider,develop,discuss,investigate,state,study等(1)Themainexperimentalproblemsarealsoanalyzedwithsuchultra-low-frequencymeasurements.用这种超低频测量，也分析了主要的实验问题。Abstract—ExampleSentences2.文章研究课题的常用语句(2)Therelationshipbetweenmassandenergyinnatureisstatedbriefly.简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。(3)Thecontinuityofthisfunctionisstudiedunderacertainboundarycondition.研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。Abstract—ExampleSentences3.文章涉及的范围•常用词语有：consistof,contain,cover,include等(1)Thisarticleconsistsoffourparts:introduction,theory,experimentalmethodandconclusion.本文由引言、理论、实验方法和结论四部分组成。Abstract—ExampleSentences3.文章涉及的范围(2).Theconfiguration,structuralandresultsofaparametricstructuraloptimizationanalysisare