中国文化概况-Chapter-6

Chapter6ScienceandTechnologyAGlimpseofChineseCulture本章教学的目的1.熟悉中国古代科技成果;2.了解现代中国科技成果;3.中西医效果探讨。本章教学的重难点1.四大发明、中医2.现代科学技术3.有关中西医讨论本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解（60minutes）Ancientscienceandtechnology(35minutes)Modernscienceandtechnologyachievements(25minutes)师生讨论(10minues)学生课件展示(30minutes)AncientScienceandTechnologyTheFourMajorInventions(15minutes)TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)(10minutes)OtherImpressiveAncientInventions(10minutes)TheFourMajorInventionsCompassPapermakingGunpowderPrintingCompassThecompassisadeviceshowinggeographicdirectionbyusingtheearth’smagneticfield.Itenabledtradeandexplorationinwholenewways.EarlyintheWarringStatesperiod,whileminingoresandmeltingcopperandiron,Chinesepeoplechanceduponanaturalmagnetitethatattractedironandpointedfixedlynorth.ReferredtoasaSouth-pointer,thespoonorladle(长柄杓子)shapedcompassismadeofmagneticlodestone(天然磁石),andtheplateisbronze.ThecircularcenterrepresentsHeaven,andthesquareplaterepresentsEarth.Acompassvehicle(指南车)wasanancientChinesevehicleequippedwithmanygearwheelsandawoodenfigurethatalwayspointedsouthnomatterwhichdirectionthevehiclewent.It’sanearlierandmoreprimitiveformofthecompass.PaperMakingPaperhasbeenamajormediumofrecording,transmitting,andstoringinformationinhumancivilization.Theearliestcharacterswereinscribedonbones,tortoiseshellsandbronzewaresintheShangDynastyandlateronsilk,bambooandwood.Doyouknowtheprocessofpaper-making?IntheEasternHanDynasty,acourtofficialnamedCaiLun(蔡伦)usedinexpensivematerialssuchasbark,hemp(麻头),rags,fishnet,wheatstalks(麦杆)andothermaterialstomakepaper,knownasCailunPaper(蔡侯纸).Thematerialsweresoaked,cutintopieces,boiledwithplantash,washed,andgroundedwithapestleinamortar(杵和臼).Themixturewasthenpouredevenlyonaflatsurfacetodry,orbakedtobecomepaper.Itwasrelativelycheap,light,thin,durableandmoresuitableforbrushwriting.BambooSlipsThebamboosliphasbeenusedasabookformforthelongesttimeinChinesehistory.Itwasthemainwritingtoolbeforetheinventionofpapermakingandthepopularizationofpaper.GunpowderGunpowderwasinventedinChina,notbypeopleseekingbetterweaponsorevenexplosives,butbyalchemists(炼金术士)seekingtheelixir(长生不老药)ofimmortality.IntheYuanDynasty,themethodofmakinggunpowderwasintroducedtotheArabworldandEurope,bringingaseriesofrevolutionstoweaponmanufacturing,aswellastostratagem(战略)andtactics(战术)onthebattlefield.PrintingPrinting,knownas“motherofcivilization”,wasanothergreatinventionoftheChinesepeople.Ithasalonghistoryandincludesblockprinting(雕版印刷)andmovabletypeprinting(活字印刷).BlockPrintingwasprobablyinventedbetweentheSuiandTangdynasties.Theprocessofblockprintingstartedwiththecuttingofwoodintoblocks,andthencharacterswereengravedinrelief(凸起)ontheblocks.Inkwasbrushedontheengravedblockandawhitesheetofpaperwasspreadacrossitandthenbrushedwithacleanbrushonitsbackleavinganimagewhenthepaperwasremoved.Theworld’soldestsurvivingbookprintedonpaperisVajraSutra(《金刚经》).Itistheearliestwoodcutillustrationinaprintedbook.MovableTypePrintinginvolvedengravingsinglewordsintopiecesofclay,firingthemuntilhardenedandusingthemaspermanenttype.Thetypewasthensetintoprintingplates.TraditionalChineseMedicine（TCM）TraditionalChinesepainting,BeijingOpera,andtraditionalChinesemedicineareknownthroughouttheworldasthethreetreasuresofChina.TraditionalChinesemedicineisverydifferentfromWesternMedicineinitsmeansofdiagnosis,treatmentanditscompositionofdrugsandprescriptions.Chinesepractitionersoftraditionalmedicinetakeaholisticapproachtodiagnosis.Theyconsiderthewholebodyofthepatient:his/herdiet,age,habits,emotions,life-styleandlivingenvironment.Theypayparticularattentiontothecausesofthesicknessratherthanthesymptoms.Listening,smelling,inquiring,observing,andfeelingthepulse(望、闻、问、切)arefourdiagnostic(诊断的)methodsintraditionalChinesemedicine.Therewerealargenumberofgreatmenofmedicalscienceandmateriamedica(草药学)inancientChina.Howmanydoyouknow?BianQue(扁鹊),oftheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesPeriod,specializedintreatingdiseasesofwomenandchildrenandthefivesenseorgans.Heinventedthefourdiagnosticmethods.HuaTuo(华佗),oftheEasternHanDynasty,specializedinmedicine(内科),surgery(外科),gynecology(妇科)andpediatrics(儿科).HeinventedageneralanestheticMafeisan(麻醉剂“麻沸散”)andasystemoftherapeutical(医疗的)exercisescalled“theFive-animalexercises”(五禽戏).ZhangZhongjing(张仲景),oftheEasternHanDynasty,wastheauthorofafamousmedicalworkscalledOnDisease(《伤寒杂病论》).Theworksconsistsofover300prescriptionsand200medicines.LiShizhen(李时珍)oftheMingDynasty,whosemonumentalmasterpiece,CompendiumofMeteriaMedica(本草纲目),includes1,892medicinalsubstances,11,096prescriptions,and1,162illustrations.OtherImpressiveAncientInventionsTheancientChinesehadbroughtmanyotherfineinventionstomankindsuchasfireworks,theabacus(算盘)andsilk.Fireworks:Fireworkswereprobablyfirstmadebystuffinggunpowderintobamboosticks.Itwascommonlythoughtthatexplosionswouldscareoffevilspiritsandghosts.Theabacuswasanearlyformofacalculator.Itisaframewithrowsofbeadsonmetalrodsthatareusedforcalculations.Usually,itcanbeseparatedintotwosections;twobeadsabove,eachrepresenting5andfivebeadsb