工商制冷用制冷剂替代情况-powerpointpresentation

1工商制冷用制冷剂替代情况RefrigerantsforIndustrial&CommercialRefrigeration陈江平Prof.JiangpingCHEN上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity2006.11IPCC/TEAPSpecialReportonsafeguardingtheOzoneLayerandtheGlobalClimateSystem:issuesrelatedtoHydrofluorocarbonsandPerfluorocarbons联合国IPCC/TEAP评估报告2制冷剂替代情况分类主要应用现制冷剂替代方向建筑空调中央空调：螺杆式，离心式系统为主中型机组：水冷、风冷机组，热泵各种热泵：水源、地源，空气源HCFC22HFC134aR407CR410AHCFC22R407CR123R517家用制冷冰箱家用空调小型家用中央空调R600a/HFC134aR410AR410AHC…R404A，NH3，HC…R422ANH3/CO2复叠CO2，HC，R152a杜邦，霍尼威尔新制冷剂…工商制冷生产线速冻设备冷库、超市冷藏运输冷柜、厨房冰箱、制冰机HCFC22NH3、HCFC22HCFC22、R404AHCFC22车用空调轿车空调客车空调列车空调HFC134a目前商用制冷系统中制冷剂使用情况CurrentRefrigerantsinCommercialRefrigeration3CommercialRefrigerants•Thelargerthecharge,thelargertheaverageemissionrate,duetoverylongpipes,largenumbersoffittings,valves,andhugeemissionswhenrupturesoccur.Annualleakageratesderivedwithatopdownapproachsuggestaglobalannualemissionsrateof30%(leakage+non-recovery).RecentbottomsupdatafromUSAandEuropeindicatethatleakageratesintheseareasareintherangeof5to22%,reflectingthewidevariabilityoverthislargemarket.•Infullsupermarketsystems,directsystemsusingalterativerefrigerantsorbettercontainment,distributedsystems,indirect(secondaryloop)systems,andcascadesystemswillgiveupto60%lowerLCCPvaluesthancentralizeddirectexpansionsystemsoftraditionaldesign.Publishedresultsshowalternativestohave0%to35%higherinitialcostandenergyusage0%to20%higherthanthatofcurrentsystems.•Abatementcostcalculatedrangefrom19to246EuropertonneofCO2mitigated.Developmentworkonnewsystemsiscontinuingtoreducecostandenergyusageinthesesystems.Thiswillfurtherreducetheabatementcosts.Forsmallcommercialunits,namelystand-aloneequipmentandcondensingunits(vendingmachines,ice-creamfreezers,walk-incoolers,etc.),globalcompanieshavebegunemploying•low-GWPalternativestoHFCs(HCsandCO2)andalternativetechnologies,whichofferreduceddirectandindirectemissions.现有主要制冷剂-食品行业、冷冻冷藏、工业制冷CurrentProductsinFoodProcess,coldStorage&IndustrialRefrigeration4IndustrialRefrigeration•Theserefrigerationsystemsarenormallylocatedinindustrialareaswithlimitedpublicaccess,andammoniaisthepredominantrefrigerant.Marketshareofammoniaforindustrialrefrigerationisintherangeof80to90%inEuropeancountriesandintheUnitedStates.ThesecondrefrigerantintermsofvolumeuseisHCFC-22,althoughtheuseofHCFC-22innewsystemsisforbiddenbyEuropeanregulationssinceJanuary2001foralltypeofrefrigeratingequipment.HCFC-22isbeingreplacedbyR410A,astheenergyefficiencyofR410AisslightlyhigherthanthatofHCFC-22,andiscomparabletoammoniaforevaporationtemperaturesdownto–40°C.•SmallervolumeCFCrefrigerantsR-12andR-502arebeingreplacedbyR134aandR404A,R507A,andR410A.CFC-13andR503arebeingreplacedbyR23andR508AorR508B.•Hydrocarbonrefrigerantshavehistoricallybeenusedinlargerefrigerationplantswithintheoilandgasindustry.•Carbondioxideisanothernon-HFCrefrigerantwhichisbeginningtofindapplicationinindustrialapplications,astheenergyefficiencyofcarbondioxidesystemsiscomparabletothatofHCFC-22,ammonia,andR410Aintheevaporatortemperaturerangeof–40°Cto–45°C.Systemsshowingfavorablecostandenergyefficiencyarecascadesystemswithammoniainthehighstageandcarbondioxideinthelowstage.Carbondioxideisalsobeingusedasasecondaryloopheattransferfluid.•Industrialrefrigerationsystemsannualrefrigerantleakagerateshavebeenestimatedintherangeof7-10%.Additionalinformationonleakagereductionisincludedinthefollowingsection.FoodProcess&ColdStorage5•Foodprocessingandcoldstorageisoneoftheimportantapplicationsofrefrigerationtopreserveanddistributefood,keepingfoodnutrientsintact.Thisapplicationofrefrigerationisverysignificantinsizeandeconomicimportance,includingdevelopingcountries.Theannualconsumptionoffrozenfoodworldwideisabout30milliontonnesperyear.Overthelastdecade,consumptionhasincreasedby50%andisstillgrowing.Theamountofchilledfoodisabout10to12timesgreaterthanthesupplyoffrozenproducts.Frozenfoodinlongtermstorageisgenerallykeptat–20°Cto–30°C,while–30°Cto–35°Cistypicalforfreezing.Chilledproductsarecooledandstoredattemperaturesfrom–1°Cto10°C.•Themajorityofrefrigeratingsystemsforfoodprocessingandcoldstoragearebasedonreciprocatingandscrewcompressors.Ammonia,HCFC-22,R-502andCFC-12arethehistoricallyusedrefrigerants.•Ammoniaistheleadingrefrigerantintermsofvolume,withotherrefrigerantoptionsbeingHFCs,HCFC-22,CO2andhydrocarbons.HFCrefrigerantsarebeingusedinplaceofCFC-12,R-502andHCFC-22incertainregions.ThepreferredHFCsforfoodprocessingandcoldstorageapplicationsareHFC-134aandHFCblendswithinsignificanttemperatureglidesuchasR-404A,R507A,andR-410A.Ammonia/CO2cascadesystemsarebeingusedinfoodprocessingandcoldstorage.EnergyefficienciesforsystemsusingHCFC-22,ammonia,R410A,andcarbondioxidegenerallyfollowthesametrendsasdiscussedintheindustrialrefrigerationsection,•Therearesomenot-in-kind(nonvapourcompression)technologieslikevapourabsorptiontechnologyandcompression-absorptiontechnology,whichcanbeusedforfoodprocessingandcoldstorageapplications.Thevapourabsorptiontechnologyiswell-establishedwhilecompression-absorptiontechnologyisstillinthedevelopmentstage.现有主要制冷剂-运输制冷CurrentRefrigerantsinTransportR