高级英语第一册Unit10-The-Trial-That-Rocked-the-World

AdvancedEnglishBookOneUnit10TheTrialThatRockedtheWorldByJohnScopes•TheScopestrial,alsoknownasthe“MonkeyTrial,”isoneofthemostfamouscourtroomdramasinUnitedStateshistory.•ThepressdubbedittheMonkeyTrialbecause,accordingtopopularbelief,evolutionmeantthathumansweredescendedfrommonkeys.BackgroundKnowledgeCourse•ThedefensearguedforthescientificvalidityofevolutionandagainsttheconstitutionalityoftheButlerAct,butitdidnotdenythatScopeshadbrokenthelaw.•Darrow,incross-examiningBryan,succeededinpointingoutseveralseriousinconsistencies(矛盾)inFundamentalistbelief.Results•Scopeswasconvictedandfined$100,buttheverdictwaslaterreversedontechnicalgroundsbythestatesupremecourt.TheButlerActremainedonthebooksuntil1967.•Thetrialwasseenasavictoryforevolution.rock:•tocausegreatshockandsurpriseto•tomovegentlybackwardsandforwardsorfromsidetoside•Peopleusedtosay:Thehandthatrocksthecradlerulestheworld.•ThePresident'smurderrockedthenation.•Anotherfinancialblowhasrockedtheindustry.•Thetheoryrockedthefoundationsofsocialandmorallife.Wordsandphrasesworthpayingspecialattentionto.•silver-tonguedorator;asilvertongue•e.g.Sometimeswedogetfooledbyallthatbeautifullypackaged,silver-tonguedhypeoftherecordcompanies.•bebornwithasilverspooninthemouth•Everycloudhasasilverlining.•黑暗之中总有光明。•Speechissilver,butsilenceisgolden.•SilverState:informalnameforNevadaandColorado•silvermedal;silverjubilee;silverwedding;thesilverscreen;silvercounsel:•|u|advice:Theyrefusedtolistentotheoldman’scounsel.•|c|oneormorelawyersactingforsb.inacourtoflaw.•e.g.Thecounselareagreed.•Thejudgeaskedthecounselforthedefensetoexplainhispoint.•take/holdcounselforadvice:toasksb.foradvice•Cf.council:agroupofpeopleappointedorelectedtomakelaws,rules,ordecisions,foratown,etc.,ortogiveadvice.•thestatecouncil国务院•theCouncilofMinisters内阁•theUNSecurityCouncil安理会•Officialmeetingsofthetowncouncil镇政会arealwaysheldinthecouncilchamber会议室.Nominate:•tosuggestornamesb.officiallyforelectiontoaposition,office,honor,etc.•IwishtonominateJaneMorrisonforpresidentoftheclub.•nominee:apersonwhohasbeennominated.•nominatorTherevivaloffundamentalism•AfterWWI,religiousintoleranceswererampant.•QuiteafewstatespassedlawsprohibitingtheteachingofDarwinistevolution.•WhenJohnScopes,aschoolteacher,defiedthelawbyteachingevolution,hewasbroughtupfortrial.•Thecourtdebatewasnotonlyareflectionofreligiousconflictsbutalsoasignificantstrugglebetweentheprogressiveandthereactionary.Darwinism•Thetheoryofevolutionasserts•thatalllivingforms,plantsandanimals,•includingManhavedevelopedfromearlierandsimplerformsbyprocessesofchangeandselection.•Thefittestsurvive.Testify(against,for,to):•a.tomakeasolemnstatementofwhatistrue.•Theteachertestifiedtothepupil’sabilityandwillingnesstoworkhard.•Canyoutestifythatyousawthedefendantatthesceneofthecrime?•Onewitnesstestifiedthathe’dseentheprisonerrunoutofthebankafterithadbeenrobbed.•b.toserveasproof:•e.g.Herredfacetestifiedtoherguilt/thatshewasguilty.•testimonial（品行，行为，资格等）证明书，推荐书•Applicantsforthispostmustsendcopiesof3recenttestimonials.evidence:•informationgivenpersonally,drawnfromadocumentorintheformofmaterialobjects,tendingorusedtoestablishfactsinalegalinvestigationoradmissibleastestimonyinalawcourt•用于任何指示或对或错的事实，但并不能确切证明究竟是对是错。•Runningawaywasevidenceofhisguilt.•Withoutevidence,theycan’tbringacharge.testimony:•aformalwrittenorspokenstatement,especiallyonegiveninacourtoflaw;evidenceorproofprovidedbytheexistenceorappearanceofsth•指证实对或错•Hisblackenedfingerwastestimonytothefactthathehadplayedinpain.•Hisspeechwastestimonyofhisgoodintention.hand:•onhand:present,available•thehiddenhand•theminute[hour]hand•askforagirl'shand•giveone'shandtosb.•afresh[green]hand•acrack[good,great]hand•extrahands•atfirsthand(knowledgeatfirsthand)。•atsecondhand•athandhand:•beoutofsb.'shands•byhand:e.g.deliveraletterbyhand•foldone'shands•fromhandtomouth•gain[get,have]theupperhandof•getabighand•handinhand:e.g.toacthandinhand。•Handsoff!•Handsup!•holdupone'shandshand:•inhand:e.g.Wehavethesituationwellinhand•kisshands(thehand)•kissone'shandto•losetheupperhand•onhand•outofhand•tryone'shandatproof:•evidenceorargumentestablishingorhelpingtoestablishafactorthetruthofastatement•确实证据，不容置疑的证据•Hisactionswereproofthathewastellingthetruth.•Youwillbeaskedtogiveproofofyouridentity.•Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.Erupt:•toexplodeandpouroutfire(volcanoes,geysers,wars,emotions,etc.)•Geysersandvolcanoeserupt.•Thevolcanoeruptedlavaandashes.•Heeruptedangrywords.•Violenceeruptedinthecityafterthefootball.buildup•develop/extendgradually,steadily;becomelarger,stronger•Thecloudsarebuildingup.•Hehasbuiltupagoodbusinessovertheyears.•ItbrokeoutafterastudyinChinasuggestedforthefirsttimethatGMcottonwaspermanentlydamagingtheenvironmentandthatinsectswerebuildingupresistancetoit.aim(at):pointordirecttowardssomeobject,esp.withtheintentionofhittingit•Cf.aim/direct/level/point/train•Thecentralmeaningsharedbytheseverbsistoturnsomethinginthedirectionofanintendedgoalortarget.•aimedthecameraattheguests•directinghereyesonthebook•leveledcriticismattheadministration•pointingafing