Unit-One-ppt解析

UnitOneLanguage,CultureandCommunicationIntroductiontoTextAInordertoliveandfunctioninthismulticulturalenvironmentaseffectivelyandmeaningfullyaspossible,peoplemustbecompetentininterculturalcommunication.LarayM.Barna(1997)hasidentifiedsixstumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication.Theserefertothemaincausesoffrustrationandmisunderstandingininterculturalencounters.Thefirstoneofthemistheassumptionofsimilarities,assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Wemistakenlyassumethatthereareasufficientnumberofsimilaritiesamongpeoplesoftheworldtomakecommunicationeasy.Thisassumptionisbasedon:thefactthatwehavecommonbiologicalandsocialneeds;ifweassumeeverybodyisthesame,wedonothavetodealwithdifference–itiscomforting.ThesecondandthirdstumblingblocksaccordingtoBarnaarelinguisticones,inotherwordslanguagedifferencesandnonverbalmisinterpretations.Problemsrelatedtolanguagedifferencesare:clingingtojustonemeaningofawordorphraseinthenewlanguage;differentstylesofusinglanguage,whichcanleadtowronginterpretationsofintentandevaluationsofinsincerity,aggressiveness,deviousness,arroganceetc.What’smore,peoplefromdifferentculturesinhabitdifferentsensoryrealities.Theysee,hear,feelandsmellonlythatwhichhassomemeaningorimportancetothem.Thatis,weinterpretnonverbalsignsandsymbolsthroughtheframeofreferenceofourowncultureandthiswillmostlikelyleadtomisunderstandings.Thefourthstumblingblockisthepresenceofpreconceptionsandstereotypes.Stereotypeshelpreducethethreatoftheunknownbymakingtheworldpredictableandinthiswaystereotypesincreaseourfeelingofsecuritywhenweareinaforeigncountry.However,stereotypesinterferewithobjectiveviewingofstimuliandarethereforeastumblingblockininterculturalcommunication.Thefifthstumblingblockisthetendencytoevaluate.Basedonourowncultureandwayoflife,wetendtoapproveordisapprovethestatementsandactionsofotherpersonorgroupratherthantotrytocomprehendcompletelythethoughtsandfeelingsexpressedfromtheworldviewoftheother.Therefore,weneedtobeopen-mindedandexamineattitudesandbehaviorsfromtheother’spointofview.Finally,thesixthblockiscalledhighanxietyortension.Whengoingabroadweareattackedbyverbal,nonverbal,physicalandpsychologicalstimulioftenverydifferentfromthestimuliweareusedto.Thiscausesustofeelstressandanxiety.Itisalsoknownasstress.Toomuchanxietyortensionrequiressomekindofrelief,oftenintheformofdefenses.Defensemechanismspreventthelistenerfromconcentratinguponthemessageanddefensiverecipientsdistortwhattheyreceive.NotestoTextAWhatdoestheterm“culture”usuallymeantoyou?Culturemaymeanmanythingsanditisreallyverydifficulttodefine.Itissaidthattherehavebeenatleastover150definitions.Herearesomeofthewell-knownones:1)“Cultureisman’smedium,thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves,includingshowsofemotion,thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.”(E.T.Hall,1959)2)“By‘culture’,anthropologymeansthetotallifewayofapeople,thesociallegacytheindividualacquiresfromhisgroup.Orculturecanberegardedasthatpartoftheenvironmentthatisthecreationofman.”(ClydeKluckohn,1965)3)“Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas.”(D.Brown,1978)4)“Culturereflectstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes.”(R.Kohl,1979)5）“Culturecontrolsbehaviorindeepandpersistingways,manyofwhichareoutsideofawarenessandthereforebeyondconsciouscontroloftheindividual.Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Likewise,nine-tenthsofcultureisoutsideofconsciousawareness.”(E.T.Hall)6）“文化的深处时常并不是在典章制度之中，而是子人们洒扫应付的日常起居之间。一举手，一投足，看是那样自然，不加做作，可是实际上却全没有任意之处，可说是都受到一套从小潜移默化中的来的价值体系所控制。在什么场合之下，应当怎样举止，文化替我们早就安排好，不必我们临事考虑，犹豫取决的。愈是基本的价值，我们就愈是不假思索。行为时最不经意的，也就是最深入的文化表现。”（费孝通：美国与美国人）.2．Whatdoes“communication”mean?Findoutsomeinstancesorcasesofcommunication.1)“Communication”issomethingwedoeveryday.Ittakesplacesonaturallythatwesimplyfailtonotice.“Communicationislifeandlifeiscommunication.”(GuYueguo)Frombirthtodeath,communicationplaysanintegralpartinourlife.Whateverouroccupationorleisure-timeactivities,communicationofoneformoranotherhasarole.Infact,ifwewereaskedtoanalyzehowwespendmostofourwakingday,theprimeresponseswouldbe“communicating”or“becommunicatedto”.Inreality,communicationisthe“essentialhumanconnection”.Whetherinpictures,ormusic,whetherverbalornon-verbal,informativeorpersuasive,frighteningoramusing,clearorunclear,communicationisourlinktotherestofthecommunity.Itpervadeseverythingwedo.2)Instancesofcommunication:(1)Anoratordeliversaspeechtoalargegathering.（2）Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.（3）Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.（4）Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.（5）TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.（6）AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinese