Beauty-文章翻译

U13BeautyFortheGreeks,beautywasavirtue:akindofexcellence.Personsthenwereassumedtobewhatwenowhavetocall---lamely,enviously---wholeperson.IfitdidoccurtotheGreekstodistinguishbetweenaperson’s“inside”and“outside”,theystillexpectedthatinnerbeautywouldbematchedbybeautyoftheotherkind.Thewell-bornyoungAthenianswhogatheredaroundSocratesfounditquiteparadoxicalthattheirherowassointelligent,sobrave,sohonorable,soseductive----andsougly.OneofSocrates’mainpedagogicalactswastobeugly----andteachthoseinnocent,nodoubtsplendid-lookingdisciplesofhishowfullofparadoxeslifereallywas.,并且带有嫉妒之意。倘若让古希腊人区分一个人的“内在”和“外在是需要与其他种类之美相匹配的。那些聚集在苏格拉底身边的雅典青年人发现自己的偶像是如此得聪慧、勇敢、正直、充满诱惑力而同时又那么得丑这是多么自相矛盾啊。而苏格拉是充满悖论的。TheymayhaveresistedSocrates’lesson.Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty.Wenotonlysplitoff----withthegreatestfacility----the“inside”(character,intellect)fromthe“outside”(looks);butweareactuallysurprisedwhensomeonewhoisbeautifulisalsointelligent,talented,good.他们或许能够抗拒苏格拉底的学说。而我们做不到。几千年以后.美的魅惑使我们更加疲惫。我们不仅仅用最容易的方式将“内在”(性格,心智)和“外在”(外貌)割离开来.同时我们也对那些既有美貌亦有智慧天赋之人,感到诧异。ItwasprincipallytheinfluenceofChristianitythatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassicalidealsofhumanexcellence.Bylimitingexcellence(virtusinLatin)tomoralvirtueonly,Christianitysetbeautyadrift----asanalienated,arbitrary,superficialenchantment.Andbeautyhascontinuedtoloseprestige.Forclosetotwocenturiesithasbecomeaconventiontoattributebeautytoonlyoneofthetwosexes:thesexwhich,howeverFair,isalwaysSecond.Associatingbeautywithwomenhasputbeautyevenfurtheronthedefensive,morally.美在古典时期是理想的人类美德,而将其从这中心位置赶走的首要原因来自基督教的影响。通过美德(拉丁语为virtus)的概念限定到仅仅指伦理道德的范畴,基督教放逐了“美”——它成为一种异化的,武断的,肤浅的诱惑。同时美不断丢失了它原本的名声。到二世纪末的时候,美成为一种既定概念,仅用于修饰两性之的一个性别:这个性别虽然是悦目的,但却处于第二位。将美与女性联系起来,使得美的概念在道德层面上更加脆弱。Abeautifulwoman,wesayinEnglish.Butahandsomeman.“Handsome”isthemasculineequivalentof----andrefusalof----acomplimentwhichhasaccumulatedcertaindemeaningovertones,bybeingreservedforwomenonly.Thatonecancallaman“beautiful”inFrenchandinItaliansuggeststhatCatholiccountries---unlikethosecountriesshapedbytheProtestantversionofChristianity---stillretainsomevestigesofthepaganadmirationforbeauty.Butthedifference,ifoneexists,isofdegreeonly.IneverymoderncountrythatisChristianorpost-Christian,womenarethebeautifulsex----tothedetrimentofthenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomen.在英语里,我们说一位女子是美丽的。但是我们却说一位男子是英俊的。“英俊”是其阳性的等同词,同时拒绝一种带有某些贬义暗示的赞扬,而这种赞扬是仅用于女性的。在法语和意大利语里,人们可以称男子是“美丽的”,这暗示着这些天主教国家依旧保留了前基督教时期欣赏“美”的痕迹,而这些痕迹在新教国家中已经荡然无存。但即使存在,差别也只是程度不同而已。在任何一个基督教或者后基督教国家里,女性就是那个美丽的性别——既损害了美这个概念,也损害了女性这个概念。Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessentialtowomen’scharacterandconcerns.(Incontrasttomen----whoseessenceistobestrong,oreffective,orcompetent.)Itdoesnottakesomeoneinthethroesofadvancedfeministawarenesstoperceivethatthewaywomenaretaughttobeinvolvedwithbeautyencouragesnarcissism,reinforcesdependenceandimmaturity.Everybody(womenandmen)knowsthat.Foritis“everybody”,awholesociety,thathasidentifiedbeingfemininewithcaringabouthowonelooks.(Incontrasttobeingmasculine----whichisidentifiedwithcaringaboutwhatoneisanddoesandonlysecondarily,ifatall,abouthowonelooks.)Giventhesestereotypes,itisnowonderthatbeautyenjoys,atbest,arathermixedreputation.被称为“美”意味着要列举出一些对女性来说必要的特征和她们所关心的事物。(和男性不同,他们的核心是强壮、有效率,或者有能力。)那些拥有超前女性意识的人将很容易就能感受到,让女性和“美”联系起来,熟。所有人(女性和男性)都认识到这点。因为“所有人”,整个社会,都很明确,作为女性就应该关心长相。(作为男性则不同:他们身份的确认是关注于某人是谁,做什么的,而长相即使并非一无是处,至少也是其次的。)有了这些老套的看法,我们就不难明白,即使从最好的方面来看,为什么“美”也有着褒贬不一的名声。Itisnot,ofcourse,thedesiretobebeautifulthatiswrongbuttheobligationtobe----ortotry.Whatisacceptedbymostwomenasaflatteringidealizationoftheirsexisawayofmakingwomenfeelinferiortowhattheyactuallyare----ornormallygrowtobe.Fortheidealofbeautyisadministeredasaformofself-oppression.Womenaretaughttoseetheirbodiesinparts,andtoevaluateeachpartseparately.Breasts,feet,hips,waistline,neck,eyes,nose,complexion,hair,andsoon----eachinturnissubmittedtoananxious,fretful,oftendespairingscrutiny.Evenifsomepassmuster,somewillalwaysbefoundwanting.Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo.当然,对美的崇拜并没有什么错,错就错在认为美是一种义务,并且试图想要变美。作为她们性别的一种讨好的理想化状态,大多数女性都可以接受的方式是,让她们觉得自己比实际情况来的差劲。因为美的理想境界就是受制于一种自我对立的状态。人们教导女性要从各部分区看待她们的身体,并且要分别评价每一个部分。胸部、腿、臀部、腰、颈、眼睛、鼻子、肤色、头发等等——每一部分都需要一番焦虑、苦恼,甚至绝望的审查。即使有些部分符合要求,但总有地方永远是希望更好一些的。只有完美无瑕了,才能无可挑剔。Inmen,goodlooksisawhole,somethingtakeninataglance.Itdoesnotneedtobeconfirmedbygivingmeasurementsofdifferentregionsofthebody,nobodyencouragesamantodissecthisappearance,featurebyfeature.Asforperfection,thatisconsideredtrivial----almostunmanly.Indeed,intheideallygood-lookingmanasmallimperfectionorblemishisconsideredpositivelydesirable.Accordingtoonemoviecritic(awoman)whoisadeclaredRobertRedfordfan,itishavingthatclusterofskin-coloredmolesononecheekthatsavesRedfordfrombeingmerelya“prettyface”.Thinkofthedepreciationofwomen----aswellasofbeauty----thatisimpliedinthatjudgment.在男人之中,部分来做出最后的确认。没有人会鼓励男性去一部分一部分地细查自己的外貌。至于完美,那是被认为无关紧要的,并且几乎是不男性化的。的确,对于一些理想中的美男子,一点小瑕疵反而是让人喜欢的。有一位电影评论家(女性),她是罗伯特?雷德福的影迷,她觉得正是因为其脸颊一侧有一颗肉色的痣,才使得雷德福不被仅仅认为有一张“漂亮的脸蛋”。想想这个评价里既暗示了对女性的贬低,也暗示了对“美”的贬低.“Thepriv