科学哲学术语英语词汇

adhochypothesis特设性假说anomaly反常auxiliaryassumption辅助假定auxiliaryhypothesis辅助假说basicstatement基本陈述behaviourism行为主义conceptualframework概念框架confirm确证confirmation确证conjecture推测conventionalism约定论conversion改宗、改变信仰corroborate确认corroboration确认counter-induction反归纳criticalrationalism批判理性主义criticalrealism批判实在论criticalthought批判思维crucialexperiment判决性实验deduction演绎、演绎法degreeofcorroboration确认度demarcation分界determinism决定论disposition素质、倾向dogmaticthought教条思维downwardcausation下向因果性emergence突现epiphenomenalism附带现象论epistemologicalanarchy认识论无政府状态epistemology认识论error-elimination除错essentialism本质论explanation解释fallibilism易谬主义fallibility易谬性falsifiability可证伪性falsification证伪falsificationism证伪主义falsify证伪falsitycontent虚假性内容firstworld第一世界formallanguage形式语言gestaltswitch格式塔转换guess猜测heuristic启发法hypothesis假说improbablity不可几性indeterminism非决定论induction归纳、归纳法inductionism归纳主义initialcondition初始条件instantrationality即时理性instrumentalism工具主义interactionism相互作用论irrationalism非理性主义irrefutability不可反驳性justification证明justificationism证明主义justify证明logicalpositivism逻辑实证主义macrologic宏观逻辑mentalism精神主义metalanguage元语言metascience元科学metatheory元理论micrologic微观逻辑naivefalsificationism朴素证伪主义naiveinstrumentalism朴素工具主义naiverealism朴素实在论negativeheuristic反面启发法non-normalscience非常规科学non-science非科学normalscience常规科学objectlanguage对象语言objectivism客观主义observationalstatement观察陈述operativism操作主义panpsychism泛心论paradigm规范parallelism平行论perceptualexperience知觉经验physicalism物理主义pluralism多元论pluralisticrealism多元实在论positiveheuristic正面启发法positivism实证主义potentialfalsifier潜在证伪者prescience前科学principleofinduction归纳原理principleofproliferation扩散原理principleoftenacityradicalinstrumentalism激进工具主义rationality理性rationlism理性主义realism实在论reality实在reductionism还原论refutability可反驳的refutation反驳researchprogramme研究纲领secondworld第二世界simplicity简单性singularstatement单称陈述sophisticatedfalsificationism精致的证伪主义subjectioism主观主义tentativetheory试验性理论test检验testability可检验性theory-laden渗透理论thirdworld第三世界thoughtexperiment思想实验trialanderror试错法truthcontent真理性内容universalstatement全称陈述upwardcausation上向因果性verifiability可证实的verification证实verify证实verisimilitude逼真性world1世界1world2世界2world3世界3