建筑热环境设计

1s`建筑环境设计建筑被动式热环境设计(向外发的资料)宿斌博士Tel8154321ext7847,Fax[phone],[e-mail],Room2042DBuildingone2Chapter1ClimateandBuildingThermalDesign第一节气候和建筑热设计1.1MainClimaticTypesforBuildingThermalDesign建筑热设计的主要气候类型Theprocessofidentifying,understandingandcontrollingclimaticinfluencesatthebuildingsiteisperhapsthemostcriticalpartofbuildingdesign.Thekeyobjectivesofclimaticdesigninclude:可能在建筑设计中最关键的就是对建筑基地气候影响的认识，理解和控制的过程。气候设计的主要宗旨包括：Toreduceenergyconsumptionandcostofabuilding减少能源浪费和建筑造价Tousenaturalenergyinsteadofmechanicalsystemandpowe用自然能源来取代人工机械系统Toprovidecomfortableandhealthenvironmentforpeople为人们提供健康舒适的环境Forthepurposesofbuildingthermaldesignintheparticularlocation,theclimatesarecommonlyclassifiedasfourbasicclimatetypes(seeFigure1):为了达到在特殊地区建筑热设计的目的，气候通常被分为四个基本的类型（见表1）：Coldclimate(cool),冷气候Temperateclimate(moderate),温带（四季分明）气候Hot-dryclimate(arid)干热气候Warm-humidclimate(humidtropic).湿热气候Incoldclimate,themainproblemisthelackofheat（热量缺乏）(underheating),oranexcessiveheatdissipation（过多的热量损耗）forallormostpartsoftheyear.Intemperateclimate,thereisaseasonalvariationbetweenunderheatingandoverheating,butneitherisverysevere.Inhot-dryclimate,themainproblemisoverheating,buttheairisdry,sotheevaporativecoolingmechanism（蒸汽冷却装置）ofthebodyisnotrestricted.Thereisusuallyalargediurnal(day-night)temperaturevariation.Inwarm-humidclimates,theoverheatingisnotasgreatasinhot-dryareas,butitisaggravatebyveryhighhumidity,restrictingtheevaporationpotential.Thediurnaltemperaturevariationissmall.冷气候，主要的问题是全年或一年的大部分中热量缺乏，或者过度的热量损耗。温带气候，在热量不足和过热之间有季节的变换，但并不会过度。干燥气候，主要是过热，但是空气是干燥的，所以身体的蒸汽冷却装置是不受限制的。并且通常有很大的昼夜温差。湿热气候，不像干热气候那么热，但非常高的湿度恶化了气候，它限制了可能的蒸发作用。昼夜温差很小。3Figure1Climatezonesforbuildingthermaldesign表1：建筑热设计气候分区1.1.1ColdClimate:冷气候Coldregionsaredefinedastheregionswithaveragetemperaturesduringthewintermonthsbelowfreezing0Candwithcooltocomfortablesummerconditions.Insuchregionsthemainclimaticdesignconcernsaretominimiseheatingenergyinthebuildings,preventdiscomfortfromdrafts,andminimisecolddiscomfortoutdoors.Summercomfortissuesintheseregionsareminorincomparisonwithwinterproblemsanditisassumedthatjustgoodventilationcanensureindoorcomfort.冷气候被定义为，冬季各月的平均气温低于0度并且夏季凉爽的地区。在这些地区气候设计主要关注于减小用于建筑加热的能量，阻止穿堂风带来的不舒适，并且减小户外的冷空气进入。夏季的舒适性问题和冬季比起来是次要的，辅助的，并且大家认为只要有好的通风换气就能保证室内的舒适。Outdoorcolddiscomfortisstronglyaffectedbythewindspeedwhich,togetherwiththeairtemperature,determinestheso-calledwind-chill.Hencetheimportanceofwindprotectioninopenpublicspacessuchasstreets,winterplaygrounds,andparkswithwinteractivities.室外冷的不舒适度主要是被风速所影响，再加上空气温度，决定了所谓的寒风。因此公共空间如街道，冬季运动场和带有冬季活动的公园的风的保护是很重要的。NortheastChina,NorthEuropean,Russia,Canada,UnitedStates.中国东北，北欧，俄罗斯，加拿大，美国。1.1.2TemperateClimate:温带气候4Regionswithcoldwintersandhot-humidsummersarefoundmainlyintheeasternpartsofcontinents(e.g.,inChina,Japan,andtheUnitedStates)betweenthelatitudesofapproximately30and45N.Throughoutthewholeclimatezonethesummersarehumidandwarmtohot,whilethewintersarecoldtoverycold,andsubstantialheatingisrequiredinthebuildings.Inthenorthernpartsofthisclimaticzonethewintersaremoreseverethanthesummers,whileinthesouthernpartssummersmaybethemostsevereseason.冬季寒冷夏季湿热的地区主要分布在北纬约30-45度之间的大陆东部（比如，在中国，日本，美国的东部）Summerdaytimetemperaturesinthisclimatictypeareoftenabove30C,accompaniedbyhighhumidity.Thesummerisalsotherainyseason.Wintersarecold,withtemperaturesoftenwellbelowthefreezinglevel.Thedominantwinddirectionsinregionswithhot-humidsummersandcoldwintersareoftendifferentinthetwoseasons.IntheeasternUnitedStates,thewinterwindsaremainlyfromtheNorthwestandinsummerfromthesouthandSouthwest.IneasternChinathewindsinwinteraremainlyfromthenorthandinsummermainlyfromtheSoutheast.Theseseasonalchangesofthewinddirectioncanbeutilisedinurbanandbuildingdesigntoenhancethewindinsummerandtosuppressitinwinter.夏季白天的气温常高于30度，同时伴有高湿度。夏季也是雨季。冬季寒冷，温度常常低于结冰温度。在夏季湿热冬季寒冷地区的主导风向在两个季节常常是不同的。在美国东部，冬季主导风向来自西北，夏季来自南向和西南向。这种风向的季节性变化在城市和建筑设计中可以用来提高夏季的风和抑制冬季的风。1.1.3Hot-dryClimate:干热气候Hotdryregionsarefoundinthesubtropicallatitudes,approximatelybetween15and30degreesnorthandsouthoftheequator,incentralandwesternAsia,theMiddleEast,Africa,NorthandSouthAmerica,andincentralandNorthwestAustralia.Theseregionsarecharacterisedmainlybytheiraridity,highsummerdaytimetemperatures,largediurnaltemperaturerange,andhighsolarradiation.干热地区分布在亚热带纬度，大约在赤道南北的15-30度内，在亚洲的中部和西部，中东，非洲，南北美洲，澳洲的中部和西北部。这些地区的主要特点就是干旱，夏季白天很热，昼夜温差大，太阳辐射大。Thearidityisaccompaniedbyseveralothercharacteristicsofimportancetohumancomfort,urbanplanning,andbuildingdesign.Directsolarradiationisasintenseastheradiationreflectedfromthelight-colouredandbareland.干旱伴有对人的舒适性，城市设计和建筑设计很重要的其它特性。太阳直射和赤裸的浅色地面的反射辐射一样剧烈。Theskyisclearmostoftheyear,promotingsolarheatingduringthenights.Horizontalglobalradiationcanapproach1000W/m2andcontinuousnetlong-waveradiationlosscanbeabout100W/m2.Theresultisalargediurnaltemperaturecanreachinextremecasesupto50C,althoughinmanyhot-aridregionsthetypicalmaximumairtemperatureisabout35-40C.Minimumtemperaturesinsummerareabout25-30Cinthehotterregionsandabout18-22Cinthecoolerhot-dryones.Theroundsurfacetempe