step-by-step-3000听力4-第四册-原文及答案

Unit1PartIBSpeaker1notrememberverymuchaboutchildhood/notveryclose/nottalkverymuchSpeaker2getonverywellwithmum/talkveryopenlySpeaker3(mum)alwaystellmetodothisanddothat/(father)letmedowhatIwantSpeaker4-fondmemoriesofchildhood/seeminglyspoilusTapescript:1.Idon'trememberverymuchaboutmychildhood,actually.Mywife'salwaysaskingmeWhenyouwereaboy,didyouuseto...andIreplyIdon'tknow,Ican'tremember.Wedidn't...wedidn'tusetotalkverymuch,weweren'tveryclose,orifwewere,wedidn'tshowit.IrememberIusedtohavemyhaircuteveryFriday.MyfatherandIwouldgotogether.Ihadtheshortesthairintheschool.Whenthey'dfinishedcuttingit,they'dburntheendswithasortofcandle.OhI'llneverforgetthatsmell.2.Igotonverywellwithmymother.Iusedtotellhereverything-ornearlyeverything--andshe'dtalktomeveryopenlytoo.Sometimesshe'dsaytomeDon'tgotoschooltoday.Staywithme.Andwe'dgooutshoppingorsomethinglikethat.3.I'mnotaverytidyperson,butmymother'sveryhouse-proud,soshe'salwaystellingmetopickthingsupandputthemaway,anddothisanddothat.ShegoesonforhoursaboutCleanlinessisnexttogodliness.Myfatherisn'tlikethatatall.HeletsmedowhatIwant.Ithinkhe'slearnednottopayattention.4.Ihaveveryfondmemoriesofmychildhood.Tomeitrepresentedsecurity.Weusedtodoalottogetherasafamily.Irememberwalks,andpicnics,andgoingforridesonaSundayafternoon.EveryFriday,whenmyfathercamehomefromwork,hehadatreatforeachofus.Mymotherusedtosayhewasspoilingus,butwhynot?Itdidn'tdousanyharm.PartIIIFamilyA.TheFamilyI.FunctionsoffamilyA.ProvidingnecessitiesoflifeB.OfferingaffectionatejoysC.RaisingchildrentoadulthoodD.GivingprotectionintimesofemergencyIIPatternsoffamilyA.Extendedfamily--uncles,aunts,cousinsandin-lawsB.Nuclearfamily--ahusband,wifeandtheirchildrenC.Polygamoushousehold-ahusband,severalwivesandtheirchildrenD.Dividedresidence--husbandandwifelivingseparatelywithchildrenraisedbymother'sbrotherE.Nayarwayofliving--brothersandsistersandsisters'childrenF.Communallivinggroup-personsnotbiologicallyrelatedIIIFactorsinfluencingfamilystructureA.Economicconditionse.g.Noaidfromsocietyorstate--extendedfamilyB.Industrializationandurbanizatione.g.Creationofmanyspecializedjobs--nuclearfamilyC.Inheritancecustomse.g.1.Propertyinheritedbyeldestson2.PropertyinheritedbyallofsonsTapescript:Throughouthistorythebasicunitofalmosteveryhumansocietyhasbeenthefamily.Themembersofthefamilylivetogetherunderthesameroof,theysharetheeconomicburdensoflifeaswellasitsaffectionatejoys,anditisthefamilywhichhasprimaryresponsibilityfortheimportanttaskofraisingchildrentoadulthood.Thefamilyisnotauniformconceptinallsocieties.Inmanyplacesitisanextendedgroupwhichincludesuncles,aunts,cousinsandin-laws.Thefamilyheadusuallyhasconsiderableinfluenceinarrangingmarriages,selectingcareersanddeterminingallimportantmovesandpurchasesbyanymemberofthefamily.Particularlyinconditionswheresocietyorthestatedoesnotgiveaidandwhereconsequentlytheresponsibilitiesofthefamilyaregreater,thislargergroupprovidesbetterprotectionintimesofeconomicorotheremergency.Inmanyothersocieties,includingmostindustrializedones,thenuclearfamilyisthebasicsocialunit.Thistermreferstoahusbandandwifeunitedthroughmarriageandtheirdependentchildren,whethernaturaloradopted.Industrializationandurbanizationcreatemanyspecializedjobswhichtendtoscatterfamilymembersamongdifferentemployersandthustoseparateresidencesassoonastheybecomewageearners.Thesmallfamily,whichhasonlyone--orifthewifeworksalso,two-employedmembers,isbetterabletoadapttorapidchangeandtomovewhenthejobmoves.Thenuclearfamilyisalmostuniversalandthenucleargroupoffather,motherandtheirchildrenisrecognizedevenwhenitispartofanextendedfamily.Therearecases,however,whichstrainthedefinition.Polygamy,forexample,bringsseveralwivesandtheirchildrenintothepicture.Butpolygamoushouseholdsarenotcommoninanysociety.Moredifficulttoexplainarethecasesofdividedresidence.AmongtheAshantipeopleofAfrica,wherethewifeandhusbanddonotresidetogether,thechildgetstrainingandaffectionfromthemother'sbrotherandlearnsthathismother'shusbandisnothisfamily.AnevenstrangersituationexistedwiththeNayarofIndiabeforebeingchangedbyoutsideinfluence.Therethehouseholdconsistedofbrothersandsistersandthesisters'children.Thesisterswerenotmarriedandthebrotherssimplytookcareofwhateverchildrentheirsistershad.Inheritancecustomsalsohaveaninfluenceonthestructureofthefamily.InEnglandthefarmwaspassedontotheeldestsoninordertokeepthefamilylandintact.Youngersonshadtogooutandstartanewfarmorjointhearmyormovetotownandtakeupatrade.TheyprovidedalargepartofthelaborsupplyduringEngland'sindustrializationprocess.InmanyareasoftheEuropeancontinentallofthesonssharedequallyintheinheritanceandmoreextendedhouseholdswerecommon.Althoughtheexactformvariesfromplacetoplaceandtimetotime,wecansaythatthefamilyistheoriginalandthemostnaturalsocialgroup.Thetieswedevelopbylongintimateassociationwiththesmallgroupofpersonswhoarebiologicallyrelatedtouscannotbematchedinanyoftheformsofcommunallivingwhicharetriedeverynowandthen.Unit2PartIWarmingupA.Tapescript:1.Organizedactivityonbehalfofwomen'srightsbeganinthemid1800s,whenbothbylawandbycustom,women