跨文化名词解释

1.CultureisCultureisthetotalwayoflifeofpeople,composedoftheirlearnedandsharedbehaviorpatterns,values,normsandmaterialobjects.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。2.CommunicationCommunicationisaformofhumanbehaviorderivedfromaneedtoconnectandinteractwitheachother.Communicationisaprocessofexchangingverbalandnonverbalmessages.3.elementsofcommunication:source,encoding,message,channel,receiver,decoding,receiverresponseandfeedback.4.High-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,JapaneseThismeansthatpeopleintheseculturesemphasizeinterpersonalrelationships.Developingtrustisanimportantfirststeptoanybusinesstransaction.Low-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,German.Peoplefromlow-contextculturesvaluelogic,facts,anddirectness.5.Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。6.Acculturationreferstoanindividual’slearningandadoptingthenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。7.CulturalNormsareculturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrectandincorrectbehaviorswhich,ifbrokencarryaformofovertorcovertpenalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。8.Interculturalcommunication:Intraculturalcommunicationreferstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantcultureorthecommunicationinwhichoneorbothoftheparticipantsholddualormultiplemembership.9.内文化交际intraculturalcommunicationisdefinedascommunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture.指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。10.跨民族交际(部族间交际)interethniccommunication：referstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesamerace,butdifferentethnicbackgrounds.指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。11.人际交际interpersonalcommunication:asmallnumberofindividualswhoareinteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilitytoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretaionsfromthem.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。12.跨种族交际interracialcommunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。InterracialCommunication(不同人种间/人种混合的交际)occurswhenthesourceandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.13.Negotiationistheprocessofcommunicatingbackandforthforthepurposeofreachingajointagreementaboutdifferingneedsorideas.14.stereotypes：referstonegativeorpositivejudgmentmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。Astereotype（刻板印象/固定模式/文化定势）isdefinedbyWebster’sDictionaryasa“fixed,generalizedimageofapersonorthingsharedbymanypeople.”Inotherwords,theyarepreconceivednotionsonehasaboutanotherpersonorthing.15.偏见Prejudicereferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。16.禁忌语：Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople，orincertainforreligiousorsocialreasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。17.委婉语：Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。18.kinshipterms:istheaddressusedbetweenrelatives.19.culturalconnotation:anideathatisimpliedorsuggestedinaculture20.TheCooperativePrincipleis,inessence,asortoftacitagreement(心照不宣)betweenparticipantstoworktogethertocreateacoherentandeffectiveexchange.21.politenessprinciple:atypeofbehaviourprinciplethatallowstheparticipantstoengageinasocialinteractioninanatmosphereofrelativeharmony.22.Individualism:broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.23.Collectivism:itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthattheyfelltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison(1)theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;(2)socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.24.Cultureidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。25Microcultures:cultureswithincultures微观文化：文化中的文化26.Nonverbalcommunicationisusuallyunderstoodastheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordlessmessages.i.e.,languageisnottheonlysourceofcommunication,thereareothermeansalso.Non-verbalcommunicationincludesfacialexpressions,eyecontact,toneofvoice,bodypostureandmotions,andpositioningwithingroups.27.verbalcommunication：communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage28.Bodylanguageisatermforcommunicationusingbodymovementsorgestures,insteadof,orinadditi