高中英语五大句型讲解

高中英语五大基本句型一、句子成分：定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。主要成分：主语和谓语其他成分：宾语、定语、状语、补足语（宾补）、表语、同位语。1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语㈠主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.Whathehassaidistrue.找出句中主语Thesunrisesintheeast.（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.（数词）Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）㈡谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成：Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill.Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Hehascaughtabadcold.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.Thelittlegirlisdrawingapicture.（三）宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.Hegavemesomebooks.间接宾语直接宾语Pleasepassmethebook.Heboughtmesomeflowers.Ilikemyjob.Iloveyou.Hewantedtoleavehere.Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.（四）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句Heisacleverboy.Thereare67studentsinourclass.Doyouknownbetty’ssister?Heboughtsomesleepingpills.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.Imetafriendonmywayhome.（五）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分.Iwillbebackinawhile.Theyareplayingontheplayground.Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.Iwaitedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.Healwayscomeslatetoschool.（六）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有make,consider,see,find,call,get,have,let.Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknowntothem.（七）表语系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征.常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,go等。系动词不用于被动语态.Theappletastessweet.Thatsoundsgood.1.Thewarwasover.2.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.3.Timeisprecious.4.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.5.Whowasthefirst?6.ThebookiswhatIneed.（八）同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况.Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.名词Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.代词Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.从句HetoldmethenewsthatIaminterestedin.从句句子成分练一练：1.Classbeginsateight.2.Thekindteachersarehavingameeting.3.Thisisthestudentwhowasabsentyesterday.4.Putupyourhandifyouhaveanyquestions.5.Smokingdoesharmtoyourhealth.6.Thereisapenonthedesk.7.Whoteachesyourmaths,XiaoHua?8.ThisstoryhappenedinLondon.9.Therichshouldhelpthepoorgetjobs.10.Thisweekend,someofusaregoingtohaveawonderfulpicnicwiththeteacher.写一写：1.我父母都是教师。Myparentsarebothteachers.2.他今天看起来不开心。Helooksunhappytoday.3.帮助穷人是必须的。Itisnecessarytohelpthepoor.4.这个故事发生在北京。ThestoryhappenedinBeijing.5.我们学生应该努力学习。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.二、简单句的五种基本句型：英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）基本句型二：Ｓ+link-Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+IO+Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）本结构是由主语+不及物动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。例：Thesunrises.Tomhasalreadyleft.主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。Theredsunrisesintheeast.Tomleftyesterday.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake.基本句型二：Ｓ+link-Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;2.表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;3.表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,fall,come,grow;ＳLink-Ｖ（系动词）Ｐ(表语)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.HisfaceissmellsfeltlooksisisbecameturnedanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warm.red.基本句型三Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。ＳＶ（实义动词）Ｏ(宾语)1.Who2.She3.He4.He5.They6.Danny7.I8.Heknowslaughatcooksmadeatelikeswantsaidtheanswer?her.mealeveryday.cakes.someapples.Englishverymuch.tohaveacupoftea.Goodmorning.基本句型四:Ｓ+Ｖ+IO+Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。例：Mymotherboughtmeabirthdaygift.Hegavemeastorybook.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for.Mymotherboughtabirthdaygiftforme.Hegaveastorybooktome.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,pass(递、传）,offer,send,take,teach,tell,write,ask,show等；（需借助for的）bring,buy,cook,choose,find,get,make,sing等。271．Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？4．他把车票给列车员看。Mr.JohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.基本句型五:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语和宾语补足语有逻辑主谓关系，若无宾语补足语句意不完整，可以用作宾补的有名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词.Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.Heusedtodohishomeworkwithhisradioon.ＳＶ（及物）Ｏ（宾语）Ｃ（宾补）1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimthemthemanclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.tocomeback.gettingonthebus.注：用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，而it只起到引导作用，无意义。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语（可以为不定式，动名词，从句）。如：Ifeltitverypleasanttobew