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高三英语6-1高中英语各类词形变化规则基础知识积累(二)一、动词1.动词过去式和过去分词1).一般在动词原形后加-edlook---looked;need---needed2).以-e结尾的动词加-dmove---moved3).以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-edcarry---carried;study---studied;以元音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-edstay---stayed;destroy---destroyed4).以重读闭音节结尾的单词,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-ed.stop---stopped;regret---regretted知识链接:重读闭音节三要素(1)一个元音字母后跟一个或几个辅音字母,必须是重读音节;(例如prohibit这个词,重读音节在-hi,而不在-bit,就不要双写t.prohibit---prohibited)(2)以一个辅音音素结尾;(例如fix,结尾的辅音音素为两个:/ks/,就不要双写x,fix---fixed;grow结尾为双元音/əu/,也不要双写w.(3)元音字母发短元音。[æ][e][i][ɔ][ʌ]5).以-r音节(重读)结尾的词,双写r字母,再加-ed.refer---referred;prefer---preferred;如果-r音节不重读,则不用双写:offer---offered6).以-l结尾的动词,如果是重读闭音节,双写l,再加-ed,例如:control---controlled;如果不重读,双写不双写l均可,例如travel---travelled/traveled;quarrel---quarrelled/quarreled2.动词-ing变化规则1).一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ingwork---working;sleep---sleeping;study---studying2).动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ingtake---taking;make---making;dance---dancing3).重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ingcut---cutting;put----putting;begin----beginning4).以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-inglie----lying;tie----tying;die----dying5).以-l结尾的动词,如果是重读闭音节,双写l,再加-ing,例如:control---controlling;如果不重读,双写不双写l均可,例如travel---travelling/traveling;quarrel---quarrelling/quarreling(注意:辅音之后y变i,现在分词是例外。)3.动词第三人称单数的变化规则:1)一般情况下,词尾加s,如;like----likes,want----wants.2)以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的加es,如,watch---watches,go---goes3)以y结尾的归两大类:元音字母+y要加s,如play----plays;辅音字母+y要变y为i+es如study---studies二、名词1.规则的可数名词的复数变化:1).一般情况加s:book--booksmouth---mouthshouse---housesgirl---girls2).以s、sh、ch、x结尾的加es:class---classesbox----boxesmatch----matches注意:(1)以-th结尾的名词直接加-s如:mouth—mouthspath—paths;month—months,ninth—ninths,youth—youths.(2)stomach---stomachs(ch发/k/)3).辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加es:city---citiescountry----countriesparty----partiesfactory----factories4).以o结尾的词+es的只有以下词:heroesNegroes;tomatoes;potatoes(黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆和番茄)以o结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母+sradios,zoos,bamboos,studios,还有pianos,kilos,photos还有一些两种变化均可:zeroes/zeros;mosquitoes/mosquitos;volcanoes/volcanos;mottoes/mottos5).以f,fe结尾的变f或fe为v+es:thiefwifelifeknifewolfhalfleafshelf,self(口诀:妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得心发慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光)注意:直接加-s的有:belief---beliefs,chief---chiefs,grief---griefs(悲伤的事),cliff---cliffs,roof---roofs,safe---safes两种变化都可以的有:handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieves;scarf;hoof;dwarf2.不规则的变化1).man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,goose—geese,child—children,mouse—mice,phenomenon---phenomena,crisis---crises;criterion---criteria2).单复数相同:sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,craft,means,series,species3).以man,woman修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.amanservant—threemenservants但boy与girl不要变化agirlstudent---threegirlstudents4)合成词的单数变复数,一般在词尾加-s/-es,如有名词作为中心词,则加在该名词后。如:grown-up---grown-ups;passer-by---passers-by;mother-in-law---mothers-in-law三、形容词和副词1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级变化规则1).一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est;(1)单音节词如:small→smaller→smallest;short→shorter→shortest;tall→taller→tallest;great→greater→greatest(2)双音节词如:clever→cleverer→cleverest;narrow→narrower→narrowest2).以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st;如:large→larger→largest;nice→nicer→nicest;able→abler→ablest3).在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:big→bigger→biggest;hot→hotter→hottest;fat→fatter→fattest4).以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:easy→easier→easiest;heavy→heavier→heaviest;busy→busier→busiest;happy→happier→happiest高三英语6-25).其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most;如:beautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautiful;different→moredifferent→mostdifferent;easily→moreeasily→mosteasily6)不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest(三坏两好,二多一少,两远两老)2.形容词变副词的规则容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀:一般直接加,“元e”去e加,“辅y”改i加,“le”结尾e改y。分别举例如下:quick---quickly;true---truly;happy---happily;possible----possibly具体规则如下:1).一般情况下直接加“ly”,如:quick---quickly;polite---politely;sad---sadly;immediate---immediately;recent---recently2).少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。如:true-truly;due-duly绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。如:polite-politely;wide-widely;wise-wisely;nice-nicely3).以“y”结尾的,且读音为/i/,先将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”,如:happy---happily;heavy---heavily;angry---angrily;busy---busily但是如果读音为/ai/,直接加ly,如:dry-dryly;sly-slyly;shy---shyly4).以ic结尾的词,加ally,如:economic---economically;basic---basically;scientific---scientifically;automatic---automatically;energetic---energetically;但是public----publicly例外。5).以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加y,如:simple---simply;considerable---considerably;terrible---terribly;gentle---gently;possible---possibly;probable---probably;incredible---incredibly元音字母加le时加ly,如:sole-solely。但是whole-wholly例外。6).以-ll结尾时,只须加–y,如:dull---dully;shrill---shrilly需注意:有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词。如:friendlypeople;motherlycare;lovelydog;monthlyexam;heavenlypeace;amanlysport四、常见前后缀这样记忆单词可事半功倍(英语单词前后缀)一.anti抗、防、反1.anti-war(反战的)2.anti-Japanesewar(抗日战争).3.anti-sunburn(防晒的)4.anti-aging(抗老的)5.anti-cancer(抗癌的)7.anti-water(防水的).8.anti-virus(抗病菌的)9.anti-Americanspirits(反美情绪)10.anti-humancrime(反人类罪).11.anti-black(反黑人的)二.dis-非、否“表示”反义1.discount(打折)2.dishonest(不真诚)3.disappear(消失)4.disorder(混乱)5.dislike(讨厌)6.discomfort(使不舒服)7.discourage(使泄气)8.discover(发现)9.disagree(不同意)10.disadvantage(不利情况)11.disappointed(失望的12.dismiss(解雇)三.re-再、又1.restart(重新开始)
本文标题:英语各类词形变化规则(全)
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