高中英语名词用法详解

1名词用法详解名词是用来表示人名、地名、时间名称、事件名称及抽象概念的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。Ⅰ名词的基本分类1、专有名词：指人或物所特有的名字，通常是人名、地名、书报刊名、团体组织、机关名等。不要带冠词的专有名词表示人名、称呼或头衔的名词。Jack,Mum,ChairmanMao,UncleSam表示星期、月份或节日的名词Sunday,October,Teachers’Day,NationalDay,SpringFestival表示国名、地名或城市名的名词China,GuangxiUniversity,Beijing要带冠词的专有名词★表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”的专有名词theGreens,格林一家theWangs王氏夫妇带有定冠词的其它theUnitedstates,theGreatWall,theUN（联合国）,theWestLake,theYellowRiver，theChinaDaily（中国日报）,thePeopleDaily（人民日报），theOlympics例1：TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008_____inBeijingofChina,which_____knowntousall.A.istohold;isB.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;isD.aretobeheld;is例2：TheUnitedstatesmadeupof50statesA.isb.hasC.areD.have2、普通名词：指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称。1）个体名词：指作为个体而存在的人或物。bird,car,computer,doctor,message,work,novel,movie2）集体名词：指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。army,class,cattle,family,group,police,public,staff，audience★注意：由于本身就是复数意义，通常不再通过加s变成复数，但是在主谓一致关系中要看是否表示整体，如果强调的是组成该集体的个体概念时谓语动词用复数，如果表示整体要用单数。people,police,cattle作主语时，谓语动词用复数。class,family，team作整体时，动词用单数。作成员时，动词用复数。例1：1.Thewholeclass___greatlymovedathiswords.A.isB.hadC.wereD.was2例2：Atpresent,Zhang’sfamily__ratherbig,withtwelvepeopleinall.A.isB.areC.beingD.was例3：TheSmith’sfamily,which_____ratheralargeone,_____veryfondoftheiroldhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was例4：Theteam____havingameeting.A.isB.areC.amD.be例5：Infact,_______onecausethatleadstotheproblem.A.cattleisB.cattleareC.cattlesareD.thecattlesare3）物质名词：指无法分解为个体的物质、材料、食品、饮料、液体、气体、金属等名称的词。brick,cloth,cotton,earth,glass,paper,plastic,sand,beef,chicken,duck,fish,bread,sugar,water,rain,gas,ink,petrol,smoke,fog,air4)抽象名词：指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念及学科、疾病等名称的词。honesty诚实kindness仁慈imagination想象力wisdom智慧patience耐心courage勇气surprise惊讶feeling情感appreciation欣赏anger愤怒sorrow悲伤happiness幸福joy高兴danger危险celebration庆祝blame责备behavior行为argument争论discovery发现maths数学physics物理cancer癌症honor荣誉success成功failure失败information信息例1：Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn't____inteaching.A.anexperienceB.muchexperienceC.manyexperiencesD.alotexperience例2：DuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfor____.A.funB.wishesC.interestD.thanks例3：Ifyoudon'ttakemuch____,you'llgetfat.A.medicineB.lessonsC.photosD.exercise5）复合名词：是指两个名词直接连在一起构成的复合词。daylight白昼birthday生日headmaster校长grandparents祖父母bookshelf书架passer-by过路人swimmingpool游泳池blackboard黑板income收入outcome结果，成果sister-in-law嫂子father-in-law岳父son-in-law女婿Ⅱ名词的数名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。1、可数名词：能用具体数字来计数的名词。可以单独和冠词、数词连用。如：anengineer,twofactories.3可数名词复数的规则变化：一般在词尾加-sdesk→desksbrother→brothersmap→mapsbridge→bridgesmouth→mouthsmonth→以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的加-esglass→glassesbox→boxesbrush→brusheswatch→watches★stomach的复数形式直接加-s。以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，把y变i再加esfactory→factoriescountry→countriesparty→partiesfamily→families以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-sboy→boysmonkey→monkeystoy→toys以-o结尾的词加-s或-espiano→pianosphoto→photosbamboo→bamboosradio→radioszoo→zooskilo→kiloszero零volcano火山有两种复数形式黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿negro→Negroeshero→heroestomato→tomatoespotato→potatoes以-f或-fe结尾的词：f,fe变为v再加-esleaf→leaveshalf→halveswife→wivesknife→knivesshelf→shelveswolf→wolvesthief→thieveslife→livesmyself→ourselves为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。直接加-scliff→cliffsroof→roofsbelief→beliefsgulf→gulfsproof→proofshandkerchief有两种复数形式例1：The_____werecoveredwithfallen______.A.roofs;leafs.B.roofs;leaves.C.rooves;leaves.D.rooves;leafs.例2：Hehastwenty______onhisfarm.A.cow.B.cattle.C.sheepsD.deers例3：Whichdoyouprefer,_______or________?A.potatos,tomatosB.potatos,tomatoesC.potatoes,tomatosD.potatoes.tomatoes例4：Therewereaseriousdamageinthesesoldiers’.A.stomachsB.headC.armyD.chest可数名词复数的不规则变化规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2中国的计量单位无得数形式li,yuan,jin,但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式dollars,pounds,francs3单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species4只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents5一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff6部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party47复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)8表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans,humans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen9合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,go-between中间人，媒人go-betweens用man/woman作定语的名词，两者要变为复数。womensingers,menservantswomanteacher→womenteachersmandoctor→mendoctorsmancook→mencookswomanwriter→womenwriters10以s结尾，仍为单数的名词①maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。②news是不可数名词。③theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations应视为单数。④以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。11表示由两部分构成的东西glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers12英语中的某些外来词，其复数变化很特殊bacterium→bacteria细菌penny→pennies/pence便士medium→media媒体datum→data资料phenomenon→phenomena现象formula→formulae公式basis→bases基础thesis→theses论文crisis→crises危机13其他的复数形式年份：加s或’sthe1980s（或1980’s）二十世纪八十年代缩写词：加s或’sVIPs或VIP’s（贵宾们）英文字母等，加’sMindyourp’sandq’s.14名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系），相当于偏正词组，只