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化学练习部分答案高二第二学期P.14、C5、D6、AD7、B8、B9、D10、D11、(1)C11H24(2)C10H22(3)C8H18(4)C2H6(5)CH4(6)CH412、解:M=4÷5.6×22.4=16n(C)︰n(H)=(3÷12):(1÷1)=1︰4最简式为CH4式量为16最简式式量与分子量相同,最简式即分子式分子式为:CH4H-C-HHHP.23.53.92M=×22.4=20g/mol13解:CH416C3H8442024461︰×3.9222.4(1)m(CH4)=16×67=2.4g(2)v(C3H8)=3.92×17=0.56L(3)32×(×2+×5)=13.6g2.4160.5622.4P31、B2、B3、D4、A5、C6、A7、C8、C5H122,2-二甲基丙烷CH3CCH3CH3CH3P.41.A2.B3.A4.C5.B6.(1)CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑+H2O浓H2SO41700C(2)催化剂脱水剂吸水剂(3)防止暴沸(4)170℃140℃时会产生乙醚7.略P.51.B2.B3.A4.B5.D6.(1)乙烷乙烯分别通入酸性高锰酸钾熔液无明显现象乙烷高锰酸钾溶液褪色乙稀6.二氧化硫乙烯分别通入品红熔液无明显现象乙烯品红溶液褪色二氧化硫甲烷乙烯硫化氢分别通入溴水无明显现象甲烷溴水褪色乙烯溴水褪色且有淡黄色沉淀为硫化氢P.5P.57.解:M=2.59×22.4=58g/moln(CxHy)=2.9÷58=0.05moln(C)=0.2moln(H2O)=4.5÷18=0.25molCxHy+(X+)O2XCO2+H2O△V1X0.050.20.25X=4Y=10答:该烃分子式为C4H10可能结构4y2y2yP.58.解:n(CxHy)=0.112÷22.4=0.005moln(C)︰n(H)=3︰4×2=3︰8C3nH8n+5nO23nCO2+4nH2O13n4n0.0050.015n0.02n44×0.005n+18×0.02n=1.02n=1答:该烃分子式为C3H8P.6-71.BD2.C3.B4.C5.D6.D7.A8.B9.D10.D11.见乙炔的PPTCaO+3CCaC2+CO↑电炉CaC2+2H2OCH≡CH+Ca(OH)2HCCH+H2CH2=CH2催化剂△△CH2=CH2+H2CH3CH3催化剂2C2H2+5O24CO2+2H2O点燃HCCH+Br2H-C=C-HBrBrH-C=C-H+Br2CHBr2CHBr2BrBrCH≡CH+HClCH2=CHCl催化剂△ClCHCHCHClnCHn|22———加压催化剂P.81.A2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.D8B解:设乙炔的体积为XL(1)CH≡CH+2Br2→CHBr2CHBr2△m22.426X1.3X=1.12L∴乙烷的体积=2.24-1.12=1.12L(2)设至少需溴YgCH≡CH+Br2→CHBr=CHBr22.41601.12YY=8g答:乙烷与乙炔均为1.12L至少需要8g溴P.91.AB2.D3.D4.B5.AD6.AB7.CD8.D9.见苯的PPT10(1)CCl4吸收溴蒸汽(2)催化作用放热反应溴受热挥发有红棕色气体产生(3)Br+Br2+HBrFe(4)Ag++Br-→AgBr↓7、解:M=2×39=78n(C)︰n(H)==1︰11212︰11最简式为CH式量为13(CH)n=78n=6分子式为C6H6结构简式为或P.111.B2.D3.AB4.AC5.A6.DP.118解:设生成HBrXmol设生成溴苯YgAgNO3+HBrAgBr+HNO31188X94∴X=0.5molBr+Br2+HBrFe1571Y0.5∴Y=78.5g答:生成溴苯78.5克P.121.B2.A3.AD4.D5.D6.C7.A8.A9.D10.B11.C12.D13.C14.D15.天然气CH4CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CCH316.ACEBD17.C6H142种CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH3CH3P.13P.1318.CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH3CH2CH2CHCH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH3ClClClClCH3-CH2-OHCH2=CH2↑+H2O浓H2SO41700CP.1419.(1)(2)品红褪色有SO2溴水褪色吸收SO2SO2已完全吸收澄清石灰水20.(1)煤干馏生成焦炭(2)CaO+3CCaC2+CO(3)CaC2+2H2OCH≡CH+Ca(OH)2(4)CH≡CH+HClCH2=CHCl(5)nCH2=CHCl[CH2-CH]电炉Cln催化剂催化剂高温高压P.1421解:∵n(NaOH)=n(HCl)∴CnH2n+2+Cl2CnH2n+1Cl+HCl14n+217.20.2×0.514n+217.20.1=n=5该烃分子式:C5H12CH3CCH3CH3CH32,2-二甲基丙烷解:最简式:CH式量13MB=1.16×22.4=26g/mol(CH)n=26n=2分子式;C2H2结构简式:CH≡CHMA=3MB=26×3=78g/mol(CH)n=78n=6分子式:C6H6结构简式:P.1422P.1523.解:CxHy+(X+)O2XCO2+H2O△V1X1+2575150+25-100X=3Y=8答:该烃分子式为C3H8y42y4y注:100℃以上水为气态,但通过浓硫酸水蒸气已被吸收P.161.A2.D3.D4.B5.D6.D7.AD8.B9.A10.D11.B12.B13.(1)消去反应(2)取代反应(3)取代反应(4)氧化反应(5)氧化反应14.解:M=1÷0.487×22.4=46g/moln(C)=10÷100=0.1moln(H)=2.7÷18×2=0.3moln(O)=(2.3-12×0.1-1×0.3)÷16=0.05moln(C):n(H):n(O)=0.1:0.3:0.05=2:6:1分子式为:C2H6O可能结构:CH3CH2OHCH3-O-CH3n=2.3÷46=0.05mol0.56÷22.4=0.025mol讨论(1)产生H2则含有-OH(2)2mol醇产生1molH2为含一个-OH据此:为一元醇CH3CH2OH有关反应:C2H6O+3O22CO2+3H2O2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑P.1715.解:M=2×23=46n(C)=2.24÷22.4=0.1moln(H)=2.7÷18×2=0.3moln(O)=(2.3-12×0.1-1×0.3)÷16=0.05moln(C):n(H):n(O)=0.1:0.3:0.05=2:6:1分子式为:C2H6OP.1716.解:M=1.34×22.4=30n(C):n(H):n(O)答:分子式为:CH2O==30×40%30×6.7%30×53.7%12116︰︰︰︰112P.1717.解:n(C):n(H)=(30÷100):(7.2÷18×2)=0.3:0.8=3:8C3H8Oz+(5-)O23CO2+4H2O15-0.110.08÷22.4Z=1答:该有机物分子式为C3H8Oz2z2P.181.D2.D3.C4.D5.B6.(1)碎瓷片防止暴沸(2)防止在140℃产生乙醚CH3CH2OH+HOCH2CH3CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3+H2O浓H2SO4140℃取代反应(3)溴水褪色加成反应CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2BrP.187.(3)铜丝由红色变为黑色m2m1(4)由黑色变为红色(5)有刺激性气味产生(6)m3=m1(7)2Cu+O22CuOCH3CH2OH+CuOCH3CHO+Cu+H2O2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2OCu△△P.198.解:M=3.3×22.4=74g/moln(C)=21.12÷44=0.48moln(H)=10.8÷18×2=1.2moln(O)=(8.88-12×0.48-1×1.2)÷16=0.12moln(C):n(H):n(O)=0.48:1.2:0.12=4:10:1分子式为:C4H10OP.201.CD2.C3.B4.D5.B6.D7、(1)2CH3COOH+Mg(CH3COO)2Mg+H2↑(2)2CH3COOH+CaCO3(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O+CO2↑(3)CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COONa+H2OP.20解:M=2.67×22.4=60g/molCxHyOz+(X+-)O2XCO2+H2O1XX=2Y=4z=(60-12×2-1×4)÷16=2答:分子式为C2H4O2据题意结构简式为或CH3COOH1.5602.241.122y180.92y2z4yHCOOCH3P.211.C2.D3.D4.A5.B6(1)催化脱水作用(2)①中和乙酸,消除乙酸气味对酯气味的影响,以便闻到乙酸乙酯的气味.②溶解乙醇。③冷凝酯蒸气、降低酯在水中的溶解度,以便使酯分层析出。(3)长导管其冷凝作用不插入液面下可防倒吸(4)乙醇中有少量水,将乙醇倒入浓硫酸中会发生飞溅,导致伤害发生。P.21解:M=2.054×22.4=46g/molCxHyOz+(X+-)O2XCO2+H2O4622.4X9Y4.62.241.8X=1Y=2Z=(46-12×1-1×2)÷16=2答:(1)有机物分子式为CH2O2(2)据题意分子结构为或:HCOOH4y2y2zHCOOHP.221.B2.C3.AD4.A5.C6.D7.B+H2OCH3—C—HCH3CH2OH△催化剂8.(1)加成反应CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2△CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O(2)氧化反应2C2H4O+5O24CO2+4H2O点燃(3)氧化反应P.239.解:M=4.6÷0.1=46g/mol据题意设有机物分子式为CnH2nOzCnH2nOz+(n+-)O2nCO2+nH2O1n+-0.11.12÷22.41.5n-=1.12÷22.4÷0.114n+16z=46n=1z=2答:(1)有机物分子式为CH2O2(2)分子结构为:HCOOH或242nz2z242nz2HCOOHP.23CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2△CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O10.解:设乙醛溶液的浓度为Xmol/L11440.01X1.44X=1mol/L答:乙醛溶液的浓度为1mol/LP.241.B2.D3.C4.C5.B6.C7.A8.C9.B10.(1)CH3OH乙酸甲酯(2)①酯化反应(取代反应)②氧化反应(3)2HCHO+O22HCOOH催化剂△P.2516.解:M=28×1.072=30n(C):n(H):n(O)=答:分子式为:CH2O结构式:30×40%30×6.67%30×53.33%12116︰︰HCOHP.261.C2.C3.D4.B5.BD6.B7.D8.A9.D10.C11.D12.A13.A14.C15.M=8.2÷(1×0.1)=82g/molM(CxHyCOONa)=82M(CxHy)=82-12-32-23=15∴X=1Y=3分子式为CH3COOH摩尔质量为60g/mol16.(1)B(2)A(3)CP.27乙酸乙酯乙醇乙酸饱和碳酸钠溶液分液CH3CH2OHCH3COONaCH3COOCH2CH3蒸馏CH3CH2OHCH3COONaH2SO4CH3COOH(H2O)蒸馏CH3COOHP.2818.分析:MD=0.6÷(0.2×0.05)=60D为CH3COOHF为CH3COONaCH3COOCH2CH3+NaOH→CH3COONa+CH3CH2OHFB2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO(B→C)CCu△2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOHD△催化剂18.(1)乙酸乙酯(2)见上(3)CH3COOH(4)CH3OHP.28C2xHyOx+2Ag(NH3)2OH→CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O19
本文标题:高二下化学练习册答案
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