非谓语动词2

英语非谓语动词讲解及练习非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即：doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：现在分词doing:有beingdone（被动式）;havingdone（完成式）;havingbeendone（完成被动式）不定式todo:有tobedone（被动式）;tohavedone（完成式）;tobedoing（进行式）动名词doing:有havingdone（完成式）;beingdone（被动式）;非谓语动词的特点：三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解：一、动词不定式先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。1．Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.2．Hiswishistobeadriver.3．Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.4．Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.5．Ihavenothingtosay.6．Theywenttoseetheiraunt.7．It’seasytoseetheiraunt.8．Idon’tknowwhattodonext.9．Iheardthemmakeanoise.说明：1．动词不定式作主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4．动词不定式作宾语补足语，5．动词不定式作定语,6．动词不定式作目的状语,7．动词不定式作真正主语，it代替动词不定式，作形式主语。8．带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9．不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1．“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to都是介词。agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2．带to还是不带toIhavenochoicebuttogiveinIcannotdoanythingbutgiveinIsawhimentertheclassroom.（但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.）3．动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.与of连用的形容词有：good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible4．后接不定式作宾语的动词有：want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.5．不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,oughtto,needto,usedto,beableto6．不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：1）动宾关系：Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.HeislookingforaroomtoliveHeislookingforaroomtolivein.Hehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot.Thereisnotimetothink(about).2）主谓关系：Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)-------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow逻辑主语不是I)7．不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1）原因Heisluckytogethereontime.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy2)目的Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.3)结果Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.8.不定式作补足语Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有：see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice注:当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.二．动名词LearningEnglishisverydifficult.学英语非常困难。Hisjobisdrivingabus.他的工作是开车。Ienjoydancing.我喜欢跳舞。Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.我已经习惯了住农村。Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep.吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。注意以下几种结构：1．There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.=It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.2．It’snousetalkingwithhim.It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.3．There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime注意以下几个问题：1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，forgettodo…忘记要做某事forgetdoing…忘记做了某事remembertodo…记住要做某事rememberdoing…记着做了某事meantodo…有意要做某事meandoing…意味着做了某事regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事trytodo…尽力去做某事trydoing试着做某事learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事stoptodo…停下来去做（另一件事）stopdoing…停止做某事goontodo…接着做（另外一件事）goondoing…继续做某事usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义如：asleepingcar=acarforsleepingarunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning前者是动名词，后者是现在分词又如：drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy3．动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.4．动名词的语态和时态5．动名词主动形式表被动的情况：needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoingThisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。6．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,三．分词1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。2.Thisisamovingfilm.这是一部动人的电影。3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。应注意的几个问题：1．现在分词与过去分词的区别DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.2．分词作表语Thenewssoundsencouraging.Theygotveryexcited.1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：Thenewsisinteresting.Heisinterestedinthenews.doing作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。2）表语与被动式的区别：TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.（强调动作）Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.（强调状态）3）常作表语的过去分词：amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,