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1语法系列复习专题-----非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词(不能作谓语用)包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、动词不定式1.常用形式:一般主动式todo,一般被动式tobedone完成主动式tohavedone,完成被动式tohavebeendone进行式tobedoing2.语法功能:可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。例如:1)主语:Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant.2)表语:Myjobistodrivethemtothecompanyeveryday.3)宾语:DoyouwanttovisittheGreatWall?Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhattodonext?4)宾补:Theteacheradvisedustohavearestfirst.Ididn’tnoticethemcomein.注:see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to,其中letsb.dosth.变为被动式为sb.isletdosth.help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to.即helpsb.(to)dosth.5)定语:不定式位于所修饰的名词,代词之后,如:Whowasthefirstonetosettothetopofthehillyesterday?/Heisthemantodependon/tobelievein.6)状语:inordertoA.目的状语:ShereadsChinaDailyeverydaysoastoimproveherEnglish.to注:inorderto可以位于句首或句中,soasto不能位于句首。B.原因状语:I’mgladtoseeyou.注:这种“be+形容词+不定式”结构,其不定式有时也可视为宾语,如:Heiseagertogotocollege./Sheissuretocomehere.C.结果状语:Theycamebackhomeafteraparty,onlytofindthevaluablepaintingmissing.△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”,如:Heistooweaktodothework.注:too之前如果有only,onlytoo表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意。如:Theyareonlytooluckytogoabroadforavisit.他们很幸运去国外访问。另外,too后如果是happy,glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,如:Shewastoohappytomeetheroldfriendinthestreet.△在“形容词/副词+enough+不定式”结构中表“足以能…”,如:Heisstrongenoughtodothework.3.复合结构不定式(forsb.todosth.),可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for本身无意2义,sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例如:Ithinkitnecessaryforhimtogothereatonce.(复合结构不定式作宾语)注:当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,不用for,而用of,如:Itiskindofyoutohelpme.(相当于Youarekindtohelpme.)这类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise,clever,foolish,silly,stupid,careless,impolite(不礼貌)等。right,wrong既可用于forsb.todosth.也可用于ofsb.todosth.例如:It’sright/wrongforhimtodotheworkalone.4.疑问词+不定式:可作主语、表语或宾语。如:Howtofinishtheworkintimeisaproblem.(主语)Wedontknowwhenandwheretogo.(宾语)5.动词不定式的否定式(nottodosth.),语法功能同不定式肯定式。6.不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:1)一般式:表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作之后,或没有时间限制。例如:Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.(与谓语动作同时)Shehopestogothereagain.(在谓语动作之后)ItisnecessaryandimportanttoreadEnglisheveryday.(无时间限制)Thefactorytomakeradiosisoverthere.(无时间限制)2)完成式:表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting./Sheseemstohavebeenateacherformanyyears.3)进行式:表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如:ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcomein.7.不定式的被动式:名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时,一般用不定式被动式,例如:Whatistobedoneisunknown.Thebridgetobebulitthereisverylong.二、分词1.分词形式:有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式,即done,现在分词则有:doing一般主动式,beingdone一般被动式,havingdone完成主动式,havingbeendone完成被动式2.语法功能:在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3.现在分词和过去分词的区别:1)语态不同:现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如:themovingof3film动人的电影,themovedgirl受感动的姑娘,arunningmachine一台转动的机器,astolencar一辆被盗的汽车注:关于心理状态动词的-ing形式表主动意,-ed形式表被动意,详见该讲后的专题。2)时间关系上不同:现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如:adevelopingcountry发展中的国家,adevelopedcountry发达的国家Fallingleaves正在下落的叶子fallenleaves落叶(在地上)4.现在分词的基本用法:1)一般主动式用法:(doing)A.作定语:Thesleepingchildisonlyfiveyearsold.(=Thechildwhoissleepingis…)ThegirlwritingalettertherecanspeakEnglishverywell.(=Thegirlwhoiswritingalettercan…)ThefactorymakingTVsetsisverylarge.(=ThefactorywhichmakesTVsetsisverylarge.)B.作表语:Thestorysoundsveryinteresting./Thenewsisveryexciting.C.作宾补:学用于see,watch,hear,feel,find,have,keep等动词之后。例如:Wecanseesteamrisingfromthewetclothes./IsawTomcomingoutofthehouse./Don’tkeepthestudentsdoinghomeworkallday.注:上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程,而不是正在进行中的动作,而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如:IheardthemsingingintheroomwhenIpassedit.(singing不可改为sing)Doyouoftenhearthemsingintheroom?(sing不可改为singing)havesb.dosth.与havesb.doingsth.的区别:前者have=let,后者have有时表“keep”意,有时表“employ(雇用)”意。如:I’llhavehimgowithme.我将让他和我一块去。I’llhavehimworkinginmycompany.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。Don’thavethemachineworkingallday.不要让机器整天工作。D.作状语:①时间状语:Readingtheletter,Icouldn’thelpthinkingofmyschoollife.②原因状语:Beingill,Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterday.③方式或伴随状语:MarystoodattheschoolgatewaitingforBetty.2)完成主动式用法:havingdone这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用,不能作定语用。例如:Havingfinishedherhomework,shewenttobed.4Nothavingreceivedhisletter,shewrotetohimagain.3)一般被动式用法:beingdone表示正在发生的被动动作,在句中作定语或状语。例如:Thecarbeingrepairedismine.(=Thecarwhichisbeingrepairedismine.)Beingrepaired,thecarcan’tbeused.(=As/Becauseitisbeingrepaired,thecarcantbeused.)4)完成被动式用法:havingbeendone表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作,在句中多作状语,不能作定语。例如:Havingbeenpraisedasecondtime,Idecidedtomakestillgreaterprogress.5.过去分词的基本用法:1)作定语:Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.2)作表语:Theglassisbroken./WhenIgottotheclassroom,thedoorwaslocked.3)作宾补:Youmusthaveyourhaircut.4)作状语:Givenmoretime,wecandotheworkmuchbetter.Tiedtothechair,Ifeltuncomfortable.6.独立主格结构:当分词有它自己的独立主语(不同于句子主语的名词或代词)时,则是一种独立主格结构形式,在句中作状语、定语等。例如:Themeetingbeingover,allthepeoplewenthome.(afterthemeetingwasover,…….)Thebellringing,weallstoppedtalking.(=Whenthebellrang,weallstoppedtalking.)Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.(=Therewasnobus,sowehadtowalkhome.)7.使用现在分词的几个注意点:1,作状语用的现在分词,其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事,例如:Standingontopofthetallbuilding,wecouldseethewholecity.(正)(Standing=Whenwestood)Standingontopofthetallbuilding,thewholecitycouldbeseen.(误)Havingfoundthecause,theycontinuedtheexperiment.(正)(Havingfound=After/Whentheyhadfound)Havingfoundthecause,theexperimentcontinued.(误)2,现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别:beingd
本文标题:非谓语动词总复习
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