语用学练习

PragmaticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontextualized，thereforestable.UtterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesSpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.FTTFFFTFII.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.Whatessentiallydistinguishess__emantics_____andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Thenotionofc___ontext______isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication，itbecomesanu_tterance__________.Al_ocutionary________actistheactofutteringwords，phrases，clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax，lexiconandphonology.Ani__llocutionary________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention；itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple：themaximofq_uantity______，themaximofquality，themaximofr_elation____andthemaximofmanner.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.______A___doesnotstudymeaninginisolation，butincontext.A.PraAgmaticsBB.SemanticsC.SenCserelationDD.ConceptThemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething____C___intraditionalsemantics.A.contextualB.behavioristicC.intrinsicD.logicalWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_______D__isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context_______C___istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething；itistheconsequenceof，orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact________A__isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrincipleWhenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted，______D_mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother？48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance？49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning？50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact，illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemindetailwithexamples.52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple？53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures？47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother？Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning，butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic，andinherent，i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore，meaningsofwords，meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner，detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation，butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Ifitisnotconsidered，thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics；ifitisconsidered，thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance？Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyconsistsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofcommunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasacommunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication，itbecomesanutterance.Whether“Maryisbeautiful.”isasentenceoranutterancedependsonhowwelookatit.Ifweregarditasagrammaticalunitoraself-containedunitinisolation，thenitisasentence.Ifwelookatitassomethingutteredinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose，thenitisanutterance.Mostutterancestaketheformofcompletesentences，butsomeutterancesarenot，andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning？Asentencemeaningisoftenconsideredastheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractandindependentofcontext.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete，andcontext-dependent.Theutterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning；itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication，orsimplyinacontext.Forexample，“Thereisadogatthedoor”.Thespeakercouldutteritasamatter-of-factstatement，tellingthehearerthatthedogisatthedoor.Thespeakercoulduseitasawarning，askingthehearernottoapproachthedoor.Thereareotherpossibilities，too.So，theunderstandingoftheutterancemeaningof“Thereisadogatthedoor”dependsonthecontextinwhichitisutteredandthepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersit.50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact，illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords，phrases，clauses.Itistheactofconveyingl