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转基因研究的现状及发展转基因作物是当今世界各国现代生物技术产业研究的热点,中国的转基因生物技术发展一、我国转基因作物的发展现状迅速,由于科学界对转基因作物对人类及生态环世界上最早的转基因作物诞生于年,是一境利与弊的争论,措政府应制定相应的政策、施对到种含有抗生素药类抗体的烟草。世纪年代,其进行安全管理。本文论述了转基因作物在国际农业生物技术已逐渐成为各国现代生物技术产业研国内的发展现状,分析了转基因作物对人类及生态环境的利与弊以及关于我国转基因作物安全管究的热点。Thefirststudyoftransgeniccropsdatesbacktolate80s.In1983thefirsttransgenictobaccowasissuedintheU.S.Eversincethentransgenictechnologystartstoblendintoourdailylife.What`smoreithasbeenthemostpopularresearchtargetsamongbiotechnologytheseyears.Itisdevelopingatanamazingspeedduetothebeneficialoutcomes.Transgenictechnologyisandhasalwaysbeenatooltomodifysubstancesforthesakeofourinterests:Geneticallymodifiedfoodpossessescharactersthathasneverbeenimaginedbefore,weequippedcropswithbettersurvivingability,richernutritiontotackletheeveryincreasingpopulationaswellasagriculturalproblems.Theessayevaluatesthecurrentstatus,weighsprosandconsandhighlightssafetyprotocolsoftransgenictechnologyinChina,转基因技术的应用theapplicationoftransgenictechnology1.在畜牧兽医中的应用1.inanimals(especiallylivestock)应用于动物抗病育种转基因技术可以用于动物抗病育种,通过克隆特定基因组中的某些编码片段,对之加以一定形式的修饰以后转入畜禽基因组,如果转基因在宿主基因组能得以表达,那么畜禽对该种病毒的感染应具有一定的抵抗能力,或者应能够减轻该种病毒侵染时对机体带来的危害。(其用于遗传育种,不仅可以加速改良的进程,使选择的效率提高,改良的机会增多,并且不会受到有性繁殖的限制。)例如Clements等将绵羊髓鞘脱落病毒的表壳蛋白基因转入绵羊,获得的转基因动物抗病力明显提高;丘才良把一种寒带比目鱼抗冻基因成功地转移到大西洋鲑中,为提高某些鱼类的抗寒能力做了积极的尝试。Transgenictechnologycanbeexploitedto“create”immunelivestock.Byextractingseveralspecificgenesegments,wetransferasetofidealcharacterintothechromosomeoftheanimalsafterthegenesegmentsareclonedandmodified.Ifthetransferringprocesssucceed,theidealcharacterswillbeexpressed:livestockthatisimmuneorimpairpossibleharmtoacertainvirus/disease.(Ifthesamemethodisusedtotheproductionofanimals,wecanacceleratethe“evolution”process,providmorechancesofmodifyingandselecting.Toputitsimply,betteroffspringwillbeproducedinsuchawaythatismuchmoresufficientthaneverbefore)Clementshaspartlyimmunethesheepwhenhetransferredthegeneexpressingtheshellproteinofavirus,thesheepthereforesufferslessorevennolongersuffersfromthiskindofvirus.AlsowehaveseeneffortsinswitchingthegeneofafishlivinginthecoldzonetotheonethatlivesinAtlantictostrengthenits`abilitytosurviveincoolersituation.2.在医学领域中的应用2.Inmedicalscience用于生产药用蛋白用转基因动物的乳腺生产重组蛋白(乳腺生物反应器)可能是转基因动物的最大应用,这也是世界范围内转基因研究的热点之一。Swamdom(1992)用β-球蛋白的4个核酸酶I的高敏位点与人的两个基因相连,融合基因产生的转基因猪与鼠的原型相似。目前,把转基因动物当作生物反应器来生产药用蛋白已经受到国际社会的极大关注,不仅各国政府投资,一些私人集团也不惜投入大量资金加以研究和开发。Proteinsthatisofmedicalusecanbeproducedbythebreastsoftransgenicanimals(mammaryglandbioreactor),whichiscurrentlythebiggestapplicationofthetechnology.Theproductionofrecombinantproteinsinmilkoftransgenicfarmanimalsoffersasafe,verycost-effectivesourceofcommerciallyproteinsthatcannotbeproducedasefficientlyinadequatequantitiesbyothermethods.Ithascurrentlycatchtheattentionofinternationalcommunities.Notonlydothegovernmentssparenoeffortsoninvestingit,butalsoaconsiderablesumofpersonalgroupareinvestinginit`sresearchaswellasexploitation.3.转基因的应用存在的问题及展望3.thepotentialprobleminapplicationandpositiveoutlook(1)转基因表达水平低,许多转基因的表达强烈地位受着其宿主染色体上整合位点的影响,往往出现异位表达和个体发育不适宜阶段表达,影响转基因表达能力或基因表达的组织特异性,从而使大部分转基因表达水平极低,极少部分基因表达水平过高。(1)lowexpressiveness:manygenesthattransferredintheprocessareheavilyrestrainedbytheintegratingpointsinthetargetedchromosome.Itisoftenthecasewhendifferentsymptomsareexpressedorexpressedinthewrongtimeofthelifespanontheanimals.Itindeedhasimpactsonanimals`abilitytoexpresscertaingenesordisturbsthespecializedfunctionindifferenttissues.Asapossibleresult,somegenesarerarelyexpressedwhileothersareexpressedtoomuch.(2)难以控制转基因在宿主基因组中的行为,转基因随机整合于动物的基因组中,可能会引起宿生细胞染色体的插入突变,还会造成插入位点的基因片段丢失,插入位点周围序列的倍增及基因的转移,也可能激活正常状态下处于关闭状态的基因。(2)Uncontrollability:itisratherdemandingtorestraintheactionofthetransferredgenesinanewhost.Thereareoccasionswhenchromosomalaberrationoccurswithinthetissueofthehost,whichincludestheloss/multiply/transferenceofcertaingenesegmentneartheinsertionpoint.Chancesarethatseveralshutgeneswillbeactivated.(3)不了解哪些基因控制多数生理过程,不了解基因表达的发育控制和组织特异性控制的机制。(3)wearenotclearenoughabouttheimportanceofcertaingenes,asmostlyasetofgeneisincontrolofseveralphysiologicalprocess.Howitcontrolsandinwhichwayitdiffersisstillblurtous.(4)制作转基因动物的效率低,这是目前几乎所有从事转基因动物研究的实验室都面临的问题,也是制约着这项技术广泛应用的关键。(4)lowproductivity:noticethisinefficiencyisdifferentfromtheonementionedabove.Theprocessof“creating”transgenicanimalscanbeatimeconsuming.Unfortunately,thisisanunavoidableobstaclesfacedbyalltransgenicresearchlabsandthekeyrestraintsforthebroadimplicationofthistechnology.(5)对传统伦理是一种挑战,对人类的生存有一定的负面作用等。(5)Challengetothetraditionalmoralprinciples,italsohassomenegativeeffectiveonthesurvivalofhumanbeings.当然,我们不能因为这些缺点的存在就否定转基因技术的研究价值。因为它作为一种新兴的生物技术,配合其他相关的生物技术将具有广阔的应用前景。随着这一技术日趋成熟,许多问题有望逐步得到解决。Ofcoursewecan`tjustsaynototransgenictechnologysimplybecausetheexistenceofthoseflawsanddevaluateits`researchpotential.Asaburgeoningbiotechnology,onceappliedtogetherwithotherbiotech,itwillenjoywildapplicationprospects.Fortunately,asthetechnologygoesevenfurthermatured,mostoftheproblemslistedabovecanbegraduallysolved.二、转基因技术的影响Theimpactsoftransgenictechnology1.有利的影响:获得高产、
本文标题:转基因技术的评估以及研究10
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