语言学复习题&答案

名词解释1.语言language,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.reference,2.语用学pragmatics,thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords3.语际语interlanguage,Theapproximatelanguagesystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructswhichrepresentshisorhertransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.4.发音语音学articulatory,describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.5.语音学phonetics,it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.6.句法学syntax,it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.7.反义词antonymy,It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.8.词素morpheme,Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.9.语义学semantics,It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.10.上坐标词superordinate,11.意义sense,It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.12.语境context,Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage,it’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.13.言内行为locutionaryact,Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.it’stheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.14.有序规则sequentialrules,Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.15.语言习得languageacquisition,LanguageacquisitionreferstothedevelopmentoftheChild’sacquisitionofhismothertongueorfirstlanguage,i.e,howhecomestounderstandandtospeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.16.音系学phonology,thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.17.最小对立对minimalpairs,Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.18.语言langue,Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.19.音位phoneme,Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.20.多义词polysemy,Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.21.语言学linguistics,Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.22.语言能力competence,Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.23.语言僵化fossilization,Aprocessthatsometimesoccursinsecondlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeatures(suchastheaccentofagrammaticalpattern)becomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.24.所指意义reference,Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.25.phrase,syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase简答题1.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。2.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.3.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。4.Whatissenseandwhatisreference?Howaretheyrelated?Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itisamatterofrelationshipbetweentheformandreality.5.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?Pragmaticsstudieshowmeaningisconveyedintheprocessofcommunication.Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.6.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance?Giveanexample.Locutionaryact:Illocutionaryact:Perlocutionaryact:7.Whatarethethreemacro-functionsoflanguageproposedbyM.A.K.Halliday?Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefe