葡萄主要病害检索表

葡萄病害主要症状检索表I.为害根部、根颈部或幼苗的茎基部一、发病部位产生肿瘤，引起畸形症状1.肿瘤产生在根尖上，很小，导致根尖肥肿卷曲·················剑线虫病2.肿瘤主要产生在根颈部，也可产生于主、侧、支根上，较大············根癌病二、引起腐烂症状（一）病部皮层腐烂，木质部腐朽，但栓皮不烂呈鞘状套于根外1.病部表面有紫色菌索或绒毯状菌丝膜····················紫纹羽病2.病部表面有白色至灰白色菌索或菌丝层···················白纹羽病（二）病部皮层全部腐烂1.病组织有浓烈的磨菇味，皮层与木质部间产生有白色至淡黄褐色的扇形菌丝层．．．根朽病2.病组织有浓烈的酒糟味病部表面产生有白色菌丝················白绢病3.病组织无任何特殊气味，主要为害苗木的根颈部，导致腐烂皮层缢缩，但病苗不倒伏．立枯病Ⅱ.为害枝蔓、枝梢一、枝蔓受害（一）在枝蔓基部形成肿瘤······················根癌病（二）不引起肿瘤症状1.病斑暗褐色，稍凹陷，表面密生灰白色小粒点。后期病皮纵裂，肉质破碎，仅留维管束，呈“披麻状”································白腐病2.病斑初红褐色，后变黑褐色，稍凹陷表面产生小黑点，秋季病皮纵裂呈丝状····蔓割病二、枝梢受害〔一）病梢表面产生粉状物或霉状物1.产生鼠灰色霉状物·····························灰霉病2.产生白色粉状物······························白粉病3.产生白色霜霉状物·····························霜霉病（二）病斑表面产生小粒点1.病斑深褐色，椭圆形，稍凹陷，上生小黑点··················黑腐病2.病斑中部灰、灰褐或灰黑色，边缘深褐或黑色，长条形或梭形，中部常常凹陷开裂，上生小黑点······································黑痘病3.病斑初红褐色，扩展后为褐色，表面隆起并有裂纹···············蔓割病4.病斑生长期褐色，上生灰白色小粒点；秋后病斑变为灰白色，小粒点变为灰黑色；病斑较大，不规则形···································白腐病III．叶片受害一、形成坏死斑（一）病斑表面产生小黑点1.病斑较大，圆形或半圆形，上有颜色深浅交替的同心轮纹，小黑点散生·····白腐病2.病斑初为红褐至黑褐色，周围有黄晕；后变为中央灰白色、边缘暗褐色．．．···黑腐病3.病斑初为红褐色，扩大后中央灰白色，同围褐色，边缘黑色，病斑上有轮纹状排列的小黑点．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．····黑腐病4.病斑圆形，中部灰白色，边缘褐色，小黑点散生···············房枯病（二）病斑上产生霉状物1.病斑淡黄褐色，不规则形，多从叶缘向叶内蔓延，边缘可产生细轮纹，表面产生鼠灰色霉状物······································灰霉病2.病斑圆形，正面有深线相间的轮纹，背面无轮纹；叶背产生浅褐色霉状物···轮斑病3.病斑圆形、多角形或不规则形，较大，直径3~10mm;中央黑褐色，边缘红褐色，有不明显的轮纹；叶背产生深褐色霉状物．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．··········大褐斑病4.病斑圆形、多角形或不规则形，较小，直径2~3mm；深褐色，中部颜色稍浅；叶背产生黑色霉状物···································小褐斑病二、不易形成坏死斑（一）病斑表面可产生粉状物、霉状物、锈状物或毛状物1.叶片正面为黄色多角形或近圆形病斑，背面产生白色霜霉状物··········霜霉病2.叶片正面为黄色斑点，背面产生黄褐色锈状物及黑色突起············锈病3.叶片正面产生白色粉状物··························白粉病4.叶片正面呈淡黄绿色，隆起；背面凹陷，并产生初白色渐红褐色的绒毯状毛状物···毛毯病（二）病斑表面不产生任何附属物1.叶片均匀褪绿呈黄色，甚至黄白色·············黄叶病（生理病害：缺铁）2.叶片畸形呈扇形，扇叶边缘整齐，黄绿色，较薄········扇叶病毒病（病毒病害）3.叶片畸形呈鸡爪状，叶缘不整齐，浓绿色，叶片肥厚·········2，4--D丁酯药害IIII果穗受害一、穗轴受害（一）病斑表面产生霉状物或粉状物1.产生鼠灰色备状物······························灰霉病2.产生白色霜霉状物······························霜霉病3.产生白色粉斑或粉状物····························白粉病4.产生黑色霉状物····························穗轴褐枯病（二）病斑表面不产生粉状物或霉状物，有时可产生点状物1.穗轴呈浅褐色腐烂，病皮轻捻极易剥离，并有土腥味···············白腐病2.穗轴呈淡褐色至褐色枯死，凹陷。病皮不易剥离，无味············穗轴褐枯病3.穗轴呈褐色至黑色枯干，凹陷，病皮不易剥离，上生小黑点············房枯病4.穗轴上产生深褐色至紫褐色凹陷病斑，长条形，中部色浅，并常开裂．．．．．．．．黑痘病二、花蕾或果粒受害（一）病斑表面产生粉状物或霉状物l.产生鼠灰色霉状物······························灰霉病2.产生白色霜霉状物······························霜霉病3.产生白色粉斑或粉状物····························白粉病（二）病斑表面产生点状物1.果粒局部受害（1）病斑圆形，凹陷，中部灰白色，外围深褐色，边缘紫褐色，似“鸟眼”状···黑痘病（2）病斑初为褐色斑点或褐色放射状菌索型病斑，扩展后成圆形褐色凹陷病斑，上生轮纹状排列的小黑点，并可溢出粉红色粘液························炭疽病2.整个果粒腐烂（1）初为淡褐色软腐，受震易脱落，失水干缩后呈红褐色僵果，不脱落，病粒表面密生灰白色小粒点···································白腐病（2）初果柄处失水萎蔫，呈现不规则的褐色斑、而后扩展至全果，使整个果粒变紫黑色，并干缩成僵果，僵果表面散生大而稀疏的小黑点····················房枯病（3）初为紫褐色小斑，扩大后边缘褐色，中部灰白色，稍凹稍，后期果粒软腐，并干缩成黑色僵果，僵果表面散生大而稀疏的小黑点............................................黑腐病