词汇的分类.

课件名称：词汇的分类制作人：邓恩泉（150）郭白云（187）谭显明（181）英语词汇学课程课件1.ClassificationofwordsCriterion:byusefrequencyBasicwordstockNon-basicvocabularyCriterion:bynotionContentwordsFunctionalwordsCriterion:byoriginNativewordsBorrowedwords1.1Basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇.Whatarebasicwords?Basicwordsarethosereflectingnaturalphenomena,humanbody,namesofplantsandanimals,orstateandaction,whicharecommonthingsaroundus.Suchas：water,foot,head,take,snow,daughter,ten，you，but…：Allnationalcharacter全民性Stability稳定性Collocability搭配能力强Polysemy多义性Productivity能产性ThefeaturesofthebasicwordstockAllNationalCharacterWordsofthisgroupdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichcannotbeavoidedbyanypeoplewhospeakit,irrespectiveofclassorigin,education,profession,geographicalregions,culture,etc.Sothesewordsbelongtobasicwordstock.Thesearealltheacquaintanceofthesamespeechcommunity.StabilityWordsofthisstockhavebeenusedforcenturies,e.g.man,fire,water,denotingthecommonthingsnecessarytolife.Theyarelikelytoremainunchanged,relatively.Stillafewwordslikearrow,bow,knight,havemovedoutofthestock,whilesuchwordsaselectricity,car,computer,television,etc.haveenteredthestock.PolysemyWordsofthebasicwordstockoftenpossesspluralityofmeaningsbecausemostofthemhaveundergonetransformationsinsemanticstructureinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.E.G.makeatable,makesomemistakes,makeit，makedowithsomething，makethemostof，makegood...CollocabilityManywordsofbasicstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.Match：achangeofheart对天发誓afterone’sheart洗心革面crossone’sheart悲痛欲绝cryone’sheartout逞心如意eatone’sheartout耿耿于怀takesth.toheart哭个痛快Productivity:astheyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.bookable,bookbinder,bookmaker,bookcase,bookcase,bookish,bookingNon-basicvocabularyTerminology专业术语Jargon行话Slang俚语Argot隐语Dialectalwords方言词Archaisms古语词Neologisms新词语TerminologyTechnicaltermsareusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.inmusic:symphony,orchestraconcerto,sonata,soloinmaths:algebra,calculus,trigonometry,function(函数）inmedicine:chemotherapy（化疗）ineducation:microteaching,audiovisualJargon：Peopleoutsidethecirclehavedifficultyinunderstandingtheirreference.上点：按摩师正在给人按摩e.g.shoot(射门）；offside（越位）；penatlykick（点球）(inhorse-racing)holdhimback（住马）“preventahorsefromwinning”holdhimin（把马）“forceahorsetorunbehindatthebeginningofaracesoastoreservespeedforthefinish”thespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.slang——thesubstandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasionsjoyride兜风Let'sgoforajoyride.让我们去兜兜风theroseoftheparty晚会上最美丽、最引人注目的女孩argot——wordsusedbysub-culturedgroupscoolit冷静一点Example:Coolit.Youaremakingmemad.冷静一点。你快把我逼疯了。comeeasily易如反掌Example:Languagescomeeasilytosomepeople.语言学习对有些人来说易如反掌。dialectalwords——onlybyspeakersofthedialectblacktea红茶greenhand新手horsesense常识whiteman忠实可靠的人Archaisms（古语）:wordsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse,mainlyinolderpoems,legaldocuments,andreligiouswritingorspeech.e.g.brethren(brother),ye(pluralyou),thou(you),thee(objectiveyou),wherein（inwhat),naught(nothing),abed(inbed)Neologisms:newly-createdwords,expressionsorwordsthathavetakenonnewmeaningse.g.netizen,web-worm,spy-in-the-skyOtherclassificationsContentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyarenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichdenotesnotionsofobjects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity,etc.FunctionalwordsremainstableFunctionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Theirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,theyarealsoknownasformwords.Suchas:prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries,andarticles,whichmakeupasmallnumberofthevocabulary,butassumeonefourthofthetaskofexpression.OtherclassificationsareNativewordsandborrowedwordsNativewords:wordsbroughttoBritishinthefifthcenturybythethreeGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownastheAnglo-SaxonwordsBorrowedwords/loanwords/borrowing:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguaguesExercise:Givethemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwords.Try!.haplyvalemethinksekesoothmorntrothere参考答案haply=perhaps;vale=valleymethinks=itseemstome;eke=also;sooth=truth;morn=morning;troth=pledge;ere=before;Pleasematchwiththeslangs!a.tartfellowb.blokepistolc.gatgreatd.swellfighte.chickencowardf.blueloosewomana.tart=loosewomanb.bloke=fellowc.gat=pistold.swell=greate.chicken=cowardf.blue=fight参考答案Wordscanbeclassifiedasa..Basicvocabularyand_________vocabulary;b..______wordsandfunctionalwords;c..Nativewordsand________words.d..Contentwordsarechangingallthetimewhereasfunctionalwordsaremore_____.non-basicContentborrowedstable