超疏水膜的制备及其在膜蒸馏过程中的应用

PＲOGＲESSINCHEMISTＲYDOI10.7536/PC150102http//．progchem．ac．cnProgressinChemistry20152781033～104112222*1*1．4500012．200120。。。。O647.11TQ028.8A1005-281X201508-1033-092015120154201587*[e-mail]@zzu．edu．cnPreparationofSuperhydrophobicMembranesandTheirApplicationinMembraneDistillationTianMiaomiao12LiXuemei2YinYong2HeTao2*LiuJindun1*1．SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandEnergyZhengzhouUniversityZhengzhou450001China2．ShanghaiAdvancedＲesearchInstituteChineseAcademyofSciencesShanghai200120ChinaAbstractSuperhydrophobicsurfacesarecharacterizedbytheirhighwaterrepellencyandself-cleaningpropertieswhichispotentiallyapplicableinareaswhereanti-wettingandanti-foulingpropertiesarehighlydesired．MembranedistillationMDisdrivenbythevaporpressuregradientacrossaporoushydrophobicmembraneandisversatileindesalinationandwaterreclamationprocesses．HowevermembranewettingandfoulingaretwomajorissuesintheapplicationofMD．Basedonthestate-of-artdevelopmentofMDthismini-reviewprovidesanoverviewonthepreparationofsuperhydrophobicmembranesandtheirapplicationinMD．Themeritsofapplicationofsuperhydrophobicmembranesareillustratedinadditiontotheshortcomingsofsuperhydrophobicsurfaces．ThisreviewiscriticalinpointingoutnewresearchdirectionsandschemesforthedevelopmentoftheMDmembrane．Keywordsmembranedistillationsuperhydrophobicanti-wettinganti-foulingmembranepreparationContents1Introduction2MembranedistillationMD2.1MDoperationmodes2.2CharacteristicsofMDprocess2.3MDmembranes3Superhydrophobicmembranes3.1Theoreticalbackgroundofwettability3.2Preparationofsuperhydrophobicmembranes4ApplicationofsuperhydrophobicmembranesinMDprocess4.1Advantagesofusingsuperhydrophobicmembranes4.2Problemstobesolved5ConclusionＲeview·1034·ProgressinChemistry20152781033～10411membranedistillationMD1～4。2。、、4。MD、、、。MD、、35～9。MDMD、MD。MD。150°、。MD10～1516～19。MDMDMD。22.11directcontactmembranedistillationDCMD。DCMD。DCMD、20～2223。DCMD。2vacuummembranedistillationVMD。VMD。。VMD24～26。3airgapmembranedistillationAGMD。AGMD。。AGMD272829。4sweepinggasmembranedistillationSGMD。SGMD20152781033～1041·1035·。。AGMDSGMDTSGMD3031。MD1。1123432Fig．1Theprincipleofdifferentmembranedistillationconfigurations1DCMD2AGMD3SGMD4VMD322.2MD。MD、3334。、、、MD、、、。MDultra-filtrationUF35、reverseosmosisＲO36、forwardosmosisFO37。、、38、39、、40、4142。3212345。。2.310nm～1μm。41LEP、、。2。MD。3liquidentrypressureLEPLEP。4。5。。3、、、“”。W．Barthlott4386。44。Ensikat452、。。Ｒeview·1036·ProgressinChemistry20152781033～10412abc45Fig．2aLotusleaveswhichexhibitextraordinarywaterrepellencyontheirupperside．bScanningelectronmicroscopySEMimageoftheupperleafsidepreparedby‘glycerolsubstitution’showsthehierarchicalsurfacestructureconsistingofpapillaewaxclustersandwaxtubules．cWaxtubulesontheupperleafside453.1contactangleCA150°10°。--31。cosθ=γSV－γSLγLV1γSLγSVγVL-、-、-θ--。θ=90°θ＜90°θ＞90°。。Wenzel46Cassie474。Wenzel4a。Wenzelrr=/3Fig．3Schematicillustrationoftheequilibriumstateofawaterdropletonasolidsurface4aWenzelbCassieFig．4BehaviorofaliquiddroponaroughsurfaceaWenzelstatebCassiestatecosθ'=rγSV－γSLγ()LV=rcosθ2θ'θ。Wenzel。Cassie“”--4b。cosθ*=fLScosθ1+fLVcosθ23θ*fLS、fLVfLS+fLV=1θ1θ2θ2=180°cosθ*=fLScosθ1+()1－14WenzelCassie。Wenzel。Cassie。Cassie20152781033～1041·1037·fLS。3.2。4849。120°49。-5051、5253、5455、56、5758、5960、61、626364。、、。、、。3.2.1。。Chen60PVDFPFOTES156°。Wang59PVDFSiO2SiO2PVDFPVDF161.2°2.17°。Dong65PVDFPTFEPTFE012wt%LEP130.4°、84kPa152.2°、137kPa99.9%。Li66PS150°DCMD104.8kg/m2·h50℃20g/LNaClPVDF。3.2.2。。Zhang18PVDFPDMSSiO2SiO2。SiO201wt%107°156°LEP210kPa275kPa。3.5wt%NaClDCMD。25wt%NaClDCMD、。Ｒazmjou19PVDFTiO2FTCS。LEP125°120kPa166°190kPa。DCMD。。。3.2.3。Wei67CF40°PES120°。XPSCF4C—FPVDFC—HCF4PTFE5。。Yang16CF4130°PVDF160°。MD3.5wt%NaCl30%。Ｒeview·1038·ProgressinChemistry20152781033～1041。。5CF467Fig．5SchematicillustrationofCF4plasmamodificationoftheporousmembranes673.2.4、-、。Hurst68153.4°1.8°。Ma69、、160°。、、MD、、。44.1MD、、、、。MDMD。4.1.1706ABCD。B-71MD。C72。。6ABCD70Fig．6StagesofmembranewettabilityAnon-wettedBsurfacewettedCpartialwettedandDfullywetted7073。MD。774。7PVDFaPVDFb74Fig．7ComparisonoftheeffectiveevaporationareaofhydrophobicsurfaceaandsuperhydrophobicsurfacebSuperhydrophobicmembranesaremembraneswithtreatmenttimelongerthan10min74Ｒazmjou19PVDFPVDF15wt%PVDF。Zhang18PVDFPVDFMD20152781033～1041·1039·25wt%NaClPVDF。4.1.275～78。LEP。、、、。。Zhang79。Privett80SiO2、。Meng75PVDFDCMD。200g/LNaCl、20mg/L2.52g/LCaCl2Ｒazmjou。MDMD。4.1.3MDMD。。32。MD。MD728182LEP1932。LEPMD。。4.2。1。。2。。Meng7583。3。Lin84SiO2SiO2。Zhu850Pa695PaＲeview·1040·ProgressinChemistry20152781033～1041PDNS155°120°。、。5。。MD。MD。1LawsonKWLloydDＲ．J．Membr．Sci．19971241．2AlkhudhiriADarwishNHilalN．Desalination20122872．3LvXL．TheProceedingof4thChinaMembraneScienceandTechnology201030403．4WuYL．MembraneScienceandTechnology20032367．5WangXYZhangLChenHL．ChemicalIndustryandEngineeringProgress200726168．6LvXL．MembraneScienceandTechnology20113196．7ZhaoJWuCＲLvXL．MembraneScienceandTechnology20092983．8ShenLGaoＲC．ChemicalIndustryandEngineeringProgress201333289．9HuanGLDuQYWangW．JournalofTianjinPolytechnicUniversity20092812．10LiXMＲeinhoudtDCrego-CalamaM．Chem．Soc．Ｒev．2007361350．11MaM