Lecture-1-Exemplification

•Lecture1ExemplificationStevensWangForeignLanguagesDepartmentBeijingSportUniversity•Objectives•Focusonexposition•Learnpatternsofexposition•Practisewritingskills•WriteEnglishdiaries•Fostercreativethinking•Schedule•Week1Exemplification•Week2ElementsoftheEssay:Outlining&TheThesisStatement•Week3Cause-EffectAnalysis•Week4PartsoftheEssay:TheIntroduction•Week6Comparison/Contrast•Week7PartsoftheEssay:TheBody•Week8Classification•Week9PartsoftheEssay:TheConclusion•Week11Definition•Week12ElementsoftheEssay:TheTitle•Week13ProcessAnalysis;Transitions•Week14Analogy•Week16FinalExam•EvaluationCriteria•Performance(40%)–In-classdiscussion-----20%–Homework-------------20%•FinalAssessment(60%)•Whatisexposition?•Expositionisexplanatorywriting,whichisusedtogiveinformation,explainsomething,clarifyaprocessordefineaconcept.•Thoughobjectiveandnotdependentonemotion,itmaybelively,engaging,andreflectiveofthewriter’sunderlyingcommitmenttothetopic.•Itcantaketheformsofdefinitions,catalogues,newspaperarticles,pamphlets,reports,problem-solutionessays,cause-effectessays,researchpapers,literaryanalyses,tonamejustafew.•PatternsofexpositionExemplificationCause-EffectanalysisComparisonandcontrastClassificationDefinitionProcessanalysisAnalogy•Themostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.•Toachieveclarity,youshould:①Limitthesubjectorthescopeofdiscussion.②Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsorexamples).③Presentfactsandviewsinproperorder.④Payattentiontotheaccuracyandclarityofwordsandsentences.⑤Makeexposition,ifpossible,interestingormoving.•Whatisexemplification?•Itisamethodofsupportingathesisstatementwithaseriesofspecificexamples,orasingleextendedexample.•Whatkindofexampletochoose?relevantexamplesstrikingexamplesavarietyofusefulexamplesrepresentativeexamplesaccurateexamples•ThesourceofexamplesPersonalexperiencePersonalobservationsShortstories,novels,television,ormovies.Authoritativesources:facts,statisticsorreports.•Howtoorganizeanexemplificationessay?Generalization(thesis)Specifics(examples)Specifics(examples)Generalization(thesis)•Howtowriteagoodexemplificationessay?•Aclearintroduction•Sufficientexamples•Vividlanguage•Goodconnection(linkingwordsorsentences)•Transitions•Aneffectiveconclusion•Wordsandexpressionsforexemplification•1.Attheapproachofdangermanybirdsutterwarningcalls:thisisanexampleofanimalscommunicatingwitheachother.•2.Cries,suchasthoseofdanger,fearandpleasure,areutteredbyapes.•3.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandanialcommunication:forexample,animals'criesarenotarticulate.•4.Forinstance,animals'crieslackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.•5.Agoodillustrationofchanginganutterancebysubstitutingonewordforanotherisasoldierwhocansaytanksapproachingfromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest.•6.Thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:theGreatTitisacaseinpoint.•VarietyofExamples•1.ThereareanumberoflanguageswhicharedescendedfromLatin:forexample,PortugueseandItalian.•2.ThereareanumberoflanguagessuchasPortugueseandItalian,whicharedescendedfromLatin.•Payattentiontohowanexampleorexamplesareintroduced.•Therearenowover20,000languagesintheworld;anexaminationofthemshowsthatmanyofthembelongtoagroupofrelatedlanguages,andsomeofthesegroupsareverylarge,constitutingwhatwecancalllanguagefamilies.AnexampleofsuchafamilyistheSemiticgroupoflanguages.ExamplesofmembersofthefamilyareArabicandHebrew.•Organization•1.Topicsentence•-ageneralstatementofanideathatneedstobeexplainedwithexamples.Forexample,•(1)Ababy'sdevelopmentdependslargelyontheenvironmentinwhichthebabygrows.•(2)Citystreetsinmyhometownareinterriblecondition.•(3)BeijinghassomeofthemostunusualsightsinChina.2.Supportingdetail•Thesupportingdetailsofanexampleparagraphareallexamplesasthedevelopmentoftheparagraph.(Intheexamples,factsandstatisticsmaybeincluded.)•Thenumberofexamplesweneedinanexampleparagraphdependsonthetopic.•BeijinghassomeofthemostunusualsightsinChina.•Thecitystreetsinmyhometownareinterriblecondition.•Topicsentencesthatstateorimplymostorallmayneednumerousexamplesforadequatesupport;•Topicsentencesthatstateorimplysomeoraafewneedfewerexamples.•Otherfeatures–representitive–climacticorder(examples+otherskills)•3.Concludingsentence•-maybeofanykind–arestatementofthetopicsentence–asummaryofthepointsinthedevelopment–asuggestion–aprediction–oraquestion•Sample1•Likeeveryothercity,myhometownhasmaintenanceproblems.Theworstofallisthatourstreetsareinterriblecondition.Intheuptownarea,forinstance,youhavetododgepotholesonnearlyeveryresidentialstreet.OnChestnutStreet,forexample,thereareatleast10potholesinatwo-blockedarea.AndonnearbyOakStreet,thepavementissowornthatwhatremainsisacombinationofsandandgravelthatturnstomudwhenitrains.Thestreetsalongthewharfareinevenworseshape.Potholes,nailsanddebrisareeverywhereonRiverRoad.OveronBridgeStreet,apileofrubbishneartheintersectionhasbeenthereforatleastthreeweeks.Thestreetsinthedowntownareaareinhorribleshape.OnMainStreet,adriverhastoavoidaluminumbeercansandbrokenbeerbottleswheneverhetriestopark.HallStreethasso