计算机英语11页

《计算机英语》期末复习一、词汇题（20分，汉译英10题，英译汉10题）Unit1•digit数字memory存储器，内存•execution执行，运行transistor晶体管•microprocessor微处理器microchip微芯片•Executablefiles可执行文件Decimalnumber十进制数Unit2sectionA•Harddiskdrive硬盘驱动器RAM随机存储器•Register寄存器ROM只读存储器•Processorregister处理器寄存器Cache高速缓存Unit2sectionB•Multitasking多道任务GUI图形用户界面•Command-lineinterface命令行界面（CLI）•Kernel内核USB通用串行总线•Shell外核Devicedriver设备驱动程序•Mouse鼠标Mainmemory主存储器•Keyboard键盘Touchpad触摸屏设备•Monitor监视器Touchscreen触摸屏•Webcam网络摄像头Printer打印机•Opticaldiscdrive光盘驱动器Powersupply电源供应器Unit3•High-levellanguages高级语言Programminglanguages编程语言•Low-levellanguages低级语言Functionstatement函数语言•object-orientedlanguages面向对象语言logiclanguages逻辑语言Unit7sectionA•LAN局域网Peer-to-peermodel对等模型•WLAN无线局域网Fiber-opticcable光缆•WAN广域网Store-and-forward存储转发•MAN城域网C/Smodel客户机/服务器模型•OSI开放式系统互联Topology拓扑（结构）•Reliabletransmission可靠传输end-to-end端到端•Flowcontrol流量控制Protocolsuite/collection协议族•CSMA/CD载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测Unit7sectionB•bus,ring,star,extendedstar,tree,meshtopology总线型，环形，星型，扩展星型，树型，网状型拓扑结构•Dual-ringtopology双环结构sub-centraldevices子中央节点•Backbonenetwork骨干网络Redundant冗余的•Subnetmask子网掩码Bandwidth带宽•subnetting子网划分fileserver文件服务器•Destinationnetwork/node/address目标网络/节点/地址•Routingpath路由路径Unit7sectionC•four-interfacebridge四接口网桥Data-linklayer数据链路层•protocolconverter协议转换器physicaladdress物理地址Unit8•autonomoussystem自治系统（AS）(Web)万维网•Nameserver名称服务器TLD顶级域名•Hostaddress主机地址ISP因特网服务提供商•Networkidentifier因特网标识符DNS域名服务器二、选择题（25分）Unit11.二进制2.Personalcomputer(PC)ormicrocomputer:Desktop、Laptop(notebook)、Palmtop(pocketPC).个人计算机或者微型计算机分为：台式机、笔记本电脑、掌上电脑。3.Adigitalcomputerisasystemcomposedoffivedistinctelements：CPU、inputdevices、memorystoragedevices、outputdevices、bus.数字计算机是五个不同元素组成的一个系统：中央处理器、输入设备、存储设备、输出设备、总线。Unit2sectionA1.Amicrophoneisadeviceforconvertingsoundintosignalsthatcanthenbestored,manipulated,andplayedbackbythecomputer.麦克风是将声音转换成可被计算机存储、处理和回放的信号的设备。2.scanner（扫描仪）：Flatbedscanner（平板扫描仪）Hand-heldscanner（手持式扫描仪）3.videodisplay,orscreen（视频显示器或屏幕）:adevicewhichconvertsinformationgeneratedbythecomputerintovisualinformation.设备将计算机生成的信息转换成可视信息。4.printer（打印机）：adevicewhichtakestextandimagefromacomputerandprintsthemonpaper.设备将文本和图片从电脑打印在纸上.dot-matrixprinter(点阵打印机)、laserprinter(激光打印机)、lnk-jetprinter(喷墨打印机)5.Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:hard,floppy,magneto-optical,andcompact.磁盘驱动器有几种类型：硬盘、软盘、磁光盘和光盘。6.RAMchipsholdstheprogram(sequenceofinstructions)anddatathattheCPUispresently（目前）processing（处理）.RAMiscalledtemporary（临时的）orvolatile（易失的）storagebecauseeverythinginmosttypesofRAMislostassoonasthemicrocomputeristurnedoff.7.ROMchipshaveprogramsbuiltintothematthefactory.UnlikeRAMchips,ROMchipsarenotvolatile(不易失的）andcannotbechanged（不可修改）bytheuser.8.processorregister（处理器寄存器）:registersaretechnicallythefastestofallformsofcomputerdatastorage.寄存器是一种最快将所有形式的计算机数据存储的技术。Unit2sectionB1.GUI（图形用户界面）：Modernshellsperformthistaskbymeansof（通过）agraphicaluserinterface(GUI—pronounced“GOO-ee”)inwhichobjectstobemanipulated,suchasfilesandprograms,arerepresented（代表）pictorially(用图形的）onthemonitorscreenasicons（图标）.2.Thewindowmanager,whichallocatesblocksofspaceonthescreen,calledwindows,andkeepstrackofwhichapplicationisassociatedwitheachwindow.窗口管理器将空间分配在屏幕上，称为windows，跟踪与每个窗口相关联的应用程序。3.Onesuchunitisthefilemanager（文件管理器）,whosejobistocoordinate（调整、协调）theuseofthemachine’smassstoragefacilities（设备）.4.Devicedrivers（设备驱动程序）,whicharethesoftwareunitsthatcommunicatewiththecontrollers(orattimes,directlywithperipheraldevices)tocarryoutoperationsontheperipheraldevicesattachedtothemachine.5.Memorymanager（内存管理器）：whichischargedwith（负责，负担）thetaskofcoordinatingthemachine’suseofmainmemory.6.Suchdutiesareminimal（最小的）inanenvironmentinwhichacomputerisaskedto（被要求）perform（执行）onlyonetaskatatime.Unit31.Programminglanguagescanbeclassifiedaseitherlow-levellanguagesorhigh-levellanguages.编程语言分为低级语言和高级语言。2.Low-levelprogramminglanguages,ormachinelanguages,arethemostbasictypeofprogramminglanguagesandcanbeunderstooddirectlybyacomputer.低级编程语言或者机器语言，是编程语言中最基础的类型，可以被计算机直接理解。3.High-levellanguagesareprogramminglanguagesthatmustfirstbetranslatedintoamachinelanguagebeforetheycanbeunderstoodandprocessedbyacomputer.高级语言必须首先翻译成机器语言，计算机才能理解和处理编程语言。4.Inmachinelanguages,instructionsarewrittenassequencesof1sand0s,calledbits,thatacomputercanunderstanddirectly.在机器语言中，指令被写成1和0序列，称作位，计算机能够直接理解。Unit7sectionA1.Accordingtothegeographicalareaconvered,acomputernetworkisoftenclassifiedaseitheraLAN,aMAN,oraWAN.2.ALANnormallyconsistsofacollectionofcomputersinasinglebuildingorbuildingcomplex.Forexample,thecomputersonauniversitycampusorthoseinamanufacturingplantmightbeconnectedbyaLAN.局域网通常由一幢建筑物或者一个建筑群中的若干计算机组成。例如，大学校园里或者制造工厂中的计算机可以用局域网连接。3.AMANisanetworkofintermediatesize,suchasonespanningalocalcommunity.城域网属于中型网络，比如一个覆盖某一社区的网络，4.AWANlinksmachinesoveragreaterdistance-perhapsinneighboringcitiesoronoppositesidesoftheworld.广域网连接地理范围更广的计算机，这些计算机或许在相邻的城市，或许在地球相反的两面。5.Physicallayer－concernedwithtransmissionofunstructuredbitstreamoverthephysicallink.物理层—与物理链路上的非结构化的比特流的传输有关。6.Datalinklayer–providesreliabletransferofdataacrossthephysicallink.数据链路层—提供可靠的物理链路传输数据。7.Thenetworkla