英国社会与文化知识点试题

chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcityNationalEmblemEnglandLondonroseScotlandEdinburghThistle蓟花WalesCardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIrelandBelfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountaininBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedonamoundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope.totheeastbytheNorthSea.tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peopleareofnon-Europeanethnicity8、Climate:aFavorableMaritimeClimate（海洋性气候）Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather.mild（温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable（稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer)AndFactor影响因素.ThesurroundingwatersQ:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift（北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthOfficialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)-----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire)-----NumeroussmallerislandsBritishIslesUnitedKingdomIrelandRepublicNorthernOfIrelandIrelandGreatBritainScotlandWalesEnglandWalesEnglandChapter2.Government1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy议会民主制2、Monarch君主:QueenElizabethⅡBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunBythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:.anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland4、Parliament:LegislativebodyLocatedinWestminsterQ:ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommonsParliament（aFrenchwordforatalking-place).Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLordchancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’sFirst-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganim