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ACoursebookonPragmaticTranslation英汉—汉英应用翻译综合教程Lecture1IntroductiontoTranslationI.WhatisTranslation?1.AstoryoftranslationinBibleLonglongago,allthepeoplespeakthesamelanguage.Whentheytransferredtotheeast,theyfoundaplainandthenlivedthere.Theydecidedtobuildatalltower,sothatitcanstretchtotheheavenandtheycanliveintheheaven.WhenJesussawthis,hewasafraidthatifallthepeoplespeakthesamelanguage,theycandoeverythingtheywant.SoJususwentdownfromtheheavenandconfusedtheirlanguagessotheycouldn’tcommunicatewitheachotherandtheydidn’tfinishtheBableTower.Sincethen,peoplelivedindifferentplacesandspokedifferentlanguages.Hencecomesthetranslation.《圣经》中的创世纪载有这样一则故事:洪水消落以后,诺亚的子孙在地球上繁衍生息,分住在不同的部落。当时天下人操同一口音,讲同一种语言。他们往东迁移的时候,在示拿发现一片平原,便在平原上居住下来。他们商量烧制砖块,合上灰泥,修建一座城池和一座高塔,塔顶要通天,以便扬名天下,不致分散居住在地上。这时,耶和华临界,看见人们正在修建通天塔。耶和华想:这些人若讲一种语言,凡事便可心想事成,无可不为了。耶和华便下界,弄乱了人们的语言,让他们言语不通,交际受阻,同心也无法同力;于是,通天塔也就半途而废。人们只得按耶和平共处的意愿,离开这座城池,分散到世界各地,讲着各自的语言。从此以后,世界上的语言五花八门。语言的隔阂阻碍着人类交往,阻碍着文化交流也阻碍着文明的发展。但亘古以来,人类从未停止沟通语言和交流文化的活动,这活动便是翻译。2.SomeDefinitionsofTranslation:(翻译的定义和内涵)中文的“翻译”一词词义丰富,可表达四种不同的含义:Translating翻译过程Atranslation译作Translation翻译(包括翻译过程和该过程的产品)Translator译者Whatistranslation?Abookishmantendstoresorttothedefinitionsfoundinthedictionaries.Hethenwouldbelievethattranslationmeans:Changing(speechorwriting)fromonelanguageintoanother.(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish);Givingthemeaningof(sthsaidorwritten)inanotherlanguage.(TheAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish);Expressinginanotherlanguage,systematically,retainingtheoriginalsense.(AmercianHeritageDictionary).Allthesedefinitionsaresimpleandstraightforwardandtheydohelpusunderstandtranslationinsomesense.Butwecanneverstartanyscientificresearchjustwithsuchsimpleandgeneraldefinitions.Atranslatorisalwayspuzzledoversuchquestionsas:Musthistranslationgivethewordsortheideasoftheoriginal?Shouldhistranslationreflectthestyleoftheoriginalorthatofhisown?Shouldhistranslationreadlikeanoriginaloratranslation?Whetherornothistranslationmayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal?Theabovequestionscannotbesolvedwiththegeneraldefinitionandsowearesupposedtogainaninsightintotranslationitself.Ahistoricalviewoftranslationmayperhaps,helpusseebothsidesofthecoin.2.1DefinitionsofTranslationa.Translationisanart;b.Translationisascience;c.Translationisacraft;e.Translationisalanguageactivity;f.Translationiscommunicating;etc.SomeQuotationsFromDifferentSources:(1)Translationmaybedefinedasfollows:thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).---J.C.Catford(2)Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentinthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaning,secondlyintermsofstyle.---E.A.Nida(3)凡是翻译必须兼顾两方面,一是力求易解,二是保持原作的风姿。---鲁迅2.2SomemetaphorsoftranslationATranslatorislikeamatch-maker.ATranslatorislikeaservant.ATranslationislikeaparrot.TranslationisdancingwithfettersTranslationisjustlikemarriage(themutualcompromiseandconvergence)Translationislikeawoman(beautifulbutnotsincere,sincerebutnotbeautiful)II.TypesofTranslation(翻译的类别)既然翻译的性质可从不同的角度来定义,那么同样翻译的种类也可从不同的视角来分类。一般说来,翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类:1)Intermsofthelanguageinvolved:L1---L2VSL2---L1从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为本族语;2)Intermsofsemioticsystems:intra-lingual,inter-lingualandinter-semiotic从涉及到的语言符号来分类,翻译分为语内翻译(intralingualtranslation)、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)和符际翻译(intersemiotictranslation);3)Intermsofthemediabywhichtranslationisdone:oral,writtenandmachine从翻译的手段来分类,翻译可分为口译(oralinterlingualtranslation)、笔译(writteninterlingualtranslation)和机器翻译(machinetranslation);4)Intermsofthesubjectmatter:literary,political,scientific,practical,etc.从翻译的题材来分类,翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translationofEnglishforscienceandtechnology)、文学翻译(literarytranslation)和一般性翻译(practicalwritingtranslation);5)Intermsofthemanner:full,partial,selected,edited,etc.从翻译的处理方式来分类,翻译可分为全译(fulltranslation)、摘译(partialtranslation)和编译(translationplusediting)。III.AConciseHistoryofChineseTranslation1.FromtheEasternHantotheTangandSongDynasty(618-907A.D.)第一次翻译高潮:东汉至唐宋时期BuddhistScripturesZhiQian(支谦)(三国时期)ThreegiantsintranslatingBuddhistScripturesappeared:Paramartha(真谛),Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什),XuanZang(玄奘)唐代僧人玄奘,其真本领在于翻译佛经,是中国佛经翻译史上集大成并后来居上的翻译家,他不仅译出了七十五部佛经,而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文,成了第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。2FromtheMingDynasty(1363-1644A.D.)totheQingDynasty(1644-1911A.D.)第二次翻译高潮:明清两代XuGuangqi(aChinese)andM.Ricci(anItalian)在这次翻译高潮中,首先有徐光启,主要译的是西方科技类著作。如徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作翻译了欧几里得的《几何原本》、《测量法义》等科技著作,开凿了引进外国先进科学技术的先河。YanFuandLinShu*Athree-wordstandardintranslation:中国近代翻译事业的开拓者严复以翻译西方政治经济和科技著作为主,如《原富》(AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations)、《天演论》(EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays)等,在《天演论》译例言中更为言简意赅地提出了“信、达、雅”三原则,,历久不衰。*LinShu“translated”morethan160piecesofliteraryworksthroughrecordingandreworkingtheoralrenditionbyhiscooperators.林纾不懂外语,不能读原著,只靠“玩索译本,默印心中”,他与朋友王寿昌、魏易、王庆骥、王庆通等人合作,翻译外国小说,曾笔述英、法、美、比、俄、挪威、瑞士、希腊、日本和西班牙等十几个国家的几十名作家的作品。一生著译甚丰,翻译小说达二百余种,为中国近代译界所罕见,曾被人誉为“译界之王”。如《巴黎茶花女遗事》(LaDameauxCamelias)、《黑奴吁天录》后译为《汤姆大叔的小屋》(UncleTom’sCabin)、《王子复仇记》(Hamlet
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