英美文学相关名词解释

英美文学相关名词解释1.Allegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.2.Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.5.AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.7.AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliteraryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.8.AmericanTranscendentalism:TranscendentaliststerrorasfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericagogopirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andhisTheAmericanScholarhasbeenrightlyregardedasAmerica’s“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.9.Analogy:(afigureofspeech)Acomparisonmadebetweentowthingstoshowthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.Analogiesareoftenusedforillustrationorforargument.23.Blankverse:Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.36.Couplet:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.45.Elegy:Apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual.Anelegyisatypeoflyricpoem,usuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.47.Enlightenment:Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Theegogoinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.69.Iamb抑扬格:ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedsyllable.70.Iambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.78.Irony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens.Threekindsofironyare(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorplaydoesnotknow;(3)ironyofsituation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweentheexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.85.Metaphor:Afigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebasicallydissimilar.Unlikesimile,ametaphordoesnotuseaconnectivewordsuchaslike,as,orresemblesinmakingthecomparison.86.Metaphysicalpoetry:ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.87.Meter音步:Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinpoetry.110.Parody:Thehumorousimitationofaworkofliterature,art,ormusic.Aparodyoftenachievesitshumorouseffectthroughtheuseofexaggerationormockery.Inliterature,parodycanbemakeofaplot,acharacter,awritingstyle,orasentimentortheme.119.Protagonist:Thecentralcharacterofadrama,novel,shortstory,ornarrativepoem.Theprotagonististhecharacteronwhomtheactioncentersandwithwhomthereadersympathizesmost.Usuallytheprotagoniststrivesagainstanopposingforce,orantagonist,toaccomplishsomething.123.Quat